tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-59989118126231878422024-02-20T11:19:15.741-08:00How to write an advertisementJanehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12639842073227131698noreply@blogger.comBlogger228125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5998911812623187842.post-70518814886765068812020-08-27T11:39:00.001-07:002020-08-27T11:39:07.646-07:00Censorship Of The Net Essay Example For StudentsControl Of The Net Essay As an expert Internet distributer and energetic client of the Internet, I have gotten worried about laws like the Communications Decency Act of 1996 (CDA) that edit free discourse on the Internet. By endorsing the CDA, Congress has set up a point of reference which overlooks oversight guidelines for the Internet like those that exist for customary communicate media. Rewarding the Internet like communicate media is a grave mix-up on the grounds that the Internet is not normal for any data medium that has been made. My interests about Internet oversight incited me to compose Internet Censorship is Absurd and Unconstitutional. In the paper, I diagram why I accept that the Internet ought not be blue-penciled at all for two reasons. To start with, any law supporting oversight of the Internet is excessively expansive and unenforceable on this worldwide data medium. Second, Internet control is a break of First Amendment rights for those clients living in the United States. The exposition will give knowledge into why self guideline is the main suitable answer for the issues that have and will be introduced to the Internet. Would it be a good idea for it to be illicit to distribute writing with revolting substance on the Internet yet completely lawful to distribute that equivalent work in print? This inquiry has brought forth the discussion over Internet restriction, which is right now seething in the United States Congress just as in other political gatherings around the globe. The inquiry with regards to whether the Internet ought to be blue-penciled will keep on being bantered for a long time to come. Similarly as with any political theme, the discussion over Internet control has its limits. Numerous defenders of Internet oversight need exacting authority over this new data medium. Advocates of Internet restriction, for example, Senator Jim Exon (D-NE), co-creator of the Communications Decency Act (CDA), are supportive of establishing exacting laws controlling the Internet so as to secure kids: The Decency Act represents the reason that it isn't right to give sex entertainment to youngsters on PCs si milarly as it isn't right to do it on a traffic intersection or anyplace else (Exon). These advocates propose making laws for the Internet like those now set up for TV and radio. Those unequivocally contradicting Internet guidelines, for example, the Citizens Internet Empowerment Coalition (CIEC), declare that the Internet isn't care for a TV and ought not be directed like one. The two sides base their individual contentions on how they see the new data medium. In spite of the fact that the laws that Congress are proposing to direct the Internet are good natured, I emphatically accept that the Internet ought not be blue-penciled in light of the fact that any law infringing on the people groups option to free discourse is a conspicuous break of First Amendment rights and in light of the fact that laws restricting Internet discourse are excessively wide and unenforceable on this worldwide medium. To comprehend why lawmakers are endeavoring to blue pencil the Internet in spite of the w ay that it is foolish and Unconstitutional, one should initially see how the Internet became and how it adroitly functions. As indicated by Internet student of history Dave Kristula, the primary suspicions of the Internet started in the United States in 1969 as a system of four servers called the APRANET. ARPA (the Advanced Research Projects Agency), a division of the Department of Defense, made the ARPANET for military exploration with the goal that the data on the system would be decentralized and could endure an atomic strike. The system kept on developing in size and speed as innovation expanded throughout the following two decades. Norms started to set in, for example, the TCP/IP convention for arrange transmission of information. By 1990 the HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) had been made to normalize the manner by which Internet archives are sent and gotten (Kristula). By 1994, the APRANET was disbanded, and the Internet turned into an open system interfacing in excess of 3, 000,000 PCs together around the world. Business associations started to offer administrations over the Internet, for example, web based requesting of pizzas (Kristula). At present, a huge number of organizations are currently internet offering items and administrations, for example, programming, equipment, books, games and grown-up situated photos. In spite of the fact that assessments differ, the accord is that the measure of suppliers and clients of the Internet has about multiplied every year since 1987 (Kristula). Since the Internet developed into Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12639842073227131698noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5998911812623187842.post-199857556745640912020-08-22T11:45:00.001-07:002020-08-22T11:45:39.347-07:00Business Research Report Proposal Final Research ProposalQuestion: Examine about theBusiness Research Report Proposal for Final Research Proposal. Answer: Presentation: The matter of the travel industry is expanded since most recent two decades. The quantities of individuals visiting to the visitor places from the various nations are expanding ceaselessly. Because of accessibility of the great transportation offices, individuals visit the majority of the traveler spots of the world. Because of these reasons, the matter of the travel industry and related organizations such inn industry and related private ventures are expanding quickly. The sightseers puts close to the beach front territory are most loved spots of the visitors. A large portion of the sightseers lean toward the costal spots. Because of these reasons the investigation of the travel industry business is significant. There are such a large number of elements which influences the matter of the travel industry. To check the relationship among the various variables related with the travel industry is significant for understanding the subtleties of this industry. The Gold Coast in the Queens land, Australia is all around created visitor goal of the different people groups among the world. The greater part of the individuals visit this goal because of the excellent bright areas and other wonderful spots. The primary business of this city is the travel industry and there is gigantic income made because of heaps of voyagers visiting Gold Coast city of Australia. Business Research Topic For this business inquire about examination, we select the subject as the travel industry in the Gold Coast of the Australia. We need to examine the various variables identified with the travel industry in the Gold Coast in the Queensland Australia. We need to break down the various issues with respect to the travel industry in the Gold Coast city. We need to examine the quantity of guests or voyagers visiting the Gold Coast in the Australia. We likewise need to check whether the extent of the male and female is same in the voyagers who visit the Gold Coast. Additionally we need to investigate the case whether there is any essentialness distinction in the guests according to the diverse age gatherings. We need to check from which nation a large portion of the voyagers desired visiting Gold Coast city. Likewise, we need to examine a few information with respect to the convenience offices in the Gold Coast of the Australia. We will examine what will be normal consumption for the inn an d nourishment for the visitors visiting Gold Coast. Likewise, we will examine the information identified with some different factors identified with the travel industry in the Gold Coast in the Queensland Australia. Writing Review The Gold Coast is called as the amusement park capital of Australia. It has a lot of decisions to speak to all ages. It is the beach front city situated in the South East Queensland. This is the second most crowded city in the state. Because of the excellent areas, this is the most loved spot of the sightseers. This is the most well known goal of the people groups because of its radiant subtropical atmosphere, riding sea shores, channel and conduit frameworks, its skyscraper ruled horizon, amusement parks, nightlife, and rainforest. Because of lovely places it is the most loved goal for the film makers. The travel industry is the primary business for the Gold Coast. It produces aggregate of $2.5 million in income for every annum. This goal is the fifth most visited goal by the universal voyagers. The matter of the travel industry is grown generally in the Gold Coast. Transportation offices in the city are generally excellent and a wide range of other foundation is accessible in the c ity. Research Questions For this exploration study, it is critical to set up the examination questions. By utilizing this exploration addresses we will check the various cases by utilizing the factual investigation. For this examination study, the exploration questions are summed up as beneath: Is there any huge distinction in the quantity of male and female voyagers visiting the Gold Coast of Australia? Is there any critical contrast in the quantity of the travelers with the distinctive age gatherings? What is the normal use and normal remain of the visitors in the Gold Coast of Australia? Which sightseers place in the Gold Coast in the Australia most visited by the vacationers? Is there any addition in the quantity of guests in the Gold Coast of Australia? For checking these cases or research questions, we will utilize the correct research approachs and procedures which are talked about in the following subject. Research Methodologies and Techniques For this examination study, the initial step is to gather the information by utilizing the correct strategy for testing. With the end goal of assortment of information, we would utilize the straightforward arbitrary inspecting for the choice of the vacationers. The information ought to be gathered by utilizing the best possible strategy. We need to gather the information for the various factors, for example, number of days the vacationer remain in Gold Coast, all out consumption of the traveler in the Gold Coast, number of guests in the Gold Coast, and so on. With the end goal of assortment of the information for the quantity of voyagers visiting the Gold Coast we will utilize the administration asset. We have to utilize the various assets with the end goal of assortment of information. Additionally, we need to gather some data from the travelers. For this reason, we have to set up a solid and steady survey for gathering the data with respect to the voyagers. The poll ought to be sol id and steady and it ought to be reasonable to the travelers from various nations. There would be a language issue for the vast majority of the voyagers and in this manner it is imperative to interpret the survey in the various dialects with the goal that sightseers give the reaction in a simple way. It ought to be remembered that there would be no predisposition for the visitors from the various pieces of the globe. The gathered example should be illustrative of whole world. In the event that the gathered example contains predisposition, at that point we don't get the impartial outcomes for the exploration study. Additionally, it is critical to keep up the best possible example size. In the event that the example size is excessively little, at that point there would be one-sided results and these outcomes are not relevant or we can say that these appraisals are not valuable for additional investigation or examination in regards to the travel industry in the Gold Coast city of Austr alia. A Project Plan utilizing a Gantt Chart A Gantt outline is the diagram of the correct time the board for the various exercises remembered for the exploration study. For this exploration study we need to perform various exercises with the end goal of information assortment and information investigation. The general Gantt outline for this exploration venture is given as underneath: Movement Day 1 2 3 4 5 6 Investigation of visitor business in Gold Coast Information assortment - Interviews Information assortment - Questionnaire Information assortment - Telephonic Association of information in even arrangement Factual information investigation Research results Portrayal of the Research Process As a matter of first importance, we will choose the exploration theory or research inquiries for the examination study. Subsequent to choosing the exploration theory or focuses on the examination study, we will gather the information by utilizing the various techniques, for example, interviews, survey, telephonic meetings, and so forth. After assortment of the reactions from the visitors we will compose the whole information in the decidedly ready even organization. At that point by utilizing this information we will break down the information by utilizing the distinctive measurable apparatuses and techniques. We will utilize the enlightening measurements, graphical examination and inferential insights with the end goal of investigation of information gathered for the exploration study. We will utilize the diverse measurable tests to test the various cases under examination. After the measurable investigation, we will discover the examination results or the outcomes for the explorati on study in regards to the travel industry in the Gold Coast city of Queensland Australia. Information Collection and Analysis Methods For this exploration study, we will gather the information by utilizing the various techniques. We will utilize the poll for getting the reactions from the sightseers visiting the Gold Coast of Australia. Likewise, we will organize the basic meetings or telephonic meetings for assortment of the information from the visitors. Likewise, we will utilize the various assets with the end goal of assortment of information for the quantity of guests in the Gold Coast city. We will utilize the diverse approved offices for the information assets. After assortment of the information we will utilize the diverse factual strategies and methods. We will utilize the spellbinding insights for getting the general thought regarding the various factors remembered for the exploration study. Additionally, we will utilize the graphical examination for the various factors for getting the data with respect to the idea of the information for the factors identified with the travel industry in the Gold Coast ci ty of Australia. For checking the various cases in regards to the travel industry in the Gold Coast we will utilize the inferential measurements or the testing of speculation. We will utilize the diverse measurable tests for checking the cases. For checking the noteworthy contrast between the various components for the factors under investigation, we would utilize the one example t test or the two example t test. We will utilize the examination of change for checking the noteworthy contrast in the voyagers with various age gatherings. Likewise, we will utilize the connection and relapse examination for checking the connection between the various factors and estimation of the populace parameters with respect to the voyagers business in the Gold coast city of Australia. Expected Research Outcomes After factual investigation we will discover the exploration results for the examination study. For this examination study, the normal results for this stud Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12639842073227131698noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5998911812623187842.post-33287309198166487012020-08-21T09:27:00.001-07:002020-08-21T09:27:24.289-07:00Essay Topics - Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?Essay Topics - Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?While your textbook might cover a lot of the basics of writing an essay, you may be wondering what essay topics do androids dream of. In this article, we'll examine some of the most common topics that people write about.Obviously, robots don't actually exist; so we'll start with some basic parts of fiction. In almost any story, someone is meant to solve a problem. Whether it's discovering the source of a gas leak or finding a way to overcome a common obstacle, you'll see characters working on problems and gathering resources to help them solve them.While you may not think of the United States in any different in different forms, each country's geographic landscape varies. Take a look at California's southern coast, for example. The terrain looks very different from the southern most portion of North Dakota or Montana.In almost all stories, there is a villain (perhaps someone who manipulates people's imaginations and hopes they never solve their problems) who plots, schemes, and undermines. If you're confused about who you should use as a villain in your own story, you can draw inspiration from what works for other writers. However, if your story takes place in your own country, using a typical American villain will probably not work.You should always use your imagination to support your fictional character when setting up the plot. There are a lot of differences between English grammar and German grammar, so you should be able to justify your actions in your story.In addition to having the main character come across something beyond their means, you should be able to motivate your reader to follow your characters throughout the story. Thoughinanimate objects such as computers may seem quite ordinary, you should be able to describe them and what they are capable of.On the other hand, the above mentioned 'do androids dream of electric sheep' may not be quite as important as essay topics which encourage readers to see the world differently. Do you like your television set black and white or color? Are you more attracted to genres such as mysteries or horror stories?While the essay topics in a story may not really mean anything, the other types of essay topics will add interest and help your readers understand the characters more. Remember, many readers find essay topics boring, so you'll want to add the kind of added interest they are looking for. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12639842073227131698noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5998911812623187842.post-89498941869787639162020-05-25T17:19:00.001-07:002020-05-25T17:19:02.981-07:00Case Analysis Inc Federal Inc - 1018 Words Description of the company ECS Federal Inc is an established, $250M professional services firm, delivering management and technical solutions across 30 Department of Defense (DOD) and Federal Civilian agencies. ECS invests in obtaining industry certifications for the corporate business, technical processes and project managers. Culture of the company ECS Federal Inc offers innovative, high-quality technical services and solutions to the clients through exceptionally qualified management and technical staff; craft solutions to meet the specific challenges of clients and enable them to benefit from the use of technology to meet their mission objectives; recognized by the customers as critical to their mission success; true partners in theâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦My duties and responsibilities During the internship, my responsibilities included maintains payroll information in Accounting system; directs the collection, calculating, and entering data; prepares reports by compiling summaries of earnings, taxes, deductions, leave, disability, and nontaxable wages; determines payroll liabilities by approving the calculation of employee federal and state income and social security taxes, and employer s social security, unemployment; complies with federal, state, and local legal requirements by studying existing and new legislation; enforcing adherence to requirements; advising management on needed actions. My learning from the CPT experience and professional growth Towards the end of the CPT, I made a list of lessons I learned during my one year at the company. At first, when sending emails, double check the spelling and grammar before sending the email, people might upset if they notice some mistakes in the email. Avoid using ââ¬Å"you should do XXXâ⬠, it would make people unhappy as they think you force them to do something. Being polite and showing people kindness goes a long way. Second, pay attention to details. When I file the tax report, I need file/pay on time and double check each number to make sure it is correct. If I made any mistakes, the company will get a penalty notice, which it is not good. And when I input data into the Accounting system, I need to make sure I didnââ¬â¢tShow MoreRelatedStaples Inc. Description.963 Words à |à 4 PagesSTAPLES INC. 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And Sprint Corporation Essay911 Words à |à 4 Pages Introduction On October 4, 1999, WorldCom, Inc. and Sprint announced their plans to merge of long-distance and telecommunication markets. It was $129 million deal, which raised concerns regarding how the merger of the two largest Internet backbone providers could affect the Internet markets. According to the case description, at the time of the agreement, the two companies were the second and third largest traditional long-distance telecommunication companies in the United States, and the firstRead MoreCase Analysis : à § 1011150 Words à |à 5 Pagesà §101 cases are a particularly vexing subject for currently practicing patent attorneys. Specifically, there is a high state of flux with respect to patentable subject matter, causing uncertainty not only for attorneys, but also for inventors, investors, and engineers, whose life blood depends upon the patent system. A ââ¬Å"101 conundrumâ⬠has resulted from Supreme Courtââ¬â¢s creation of ineligible categories of patentable subject ma tter. These categories are: abstract ideas, laws of nature, and naturally Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12639842073227131698noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5998911812623187842.post-771587379218603752020-05-14T23:36:00.001-07:002020-05-14T23:36:03.226-07:00Biography of Gabriel GarcÃÂa Márquez, Colombian Author Gabriel Garcà a Mà ¡rquez (1927 to 2014) was a Colombian writer, associated with the Magical Realism genre of narrative fiction and credited with reinvigorating Latin American writing. He won the Nobel prize for literature in 1982, for a body of work that included novels such as 100 Years of Solitude and Love in the Time of Cholera.à à Fast Facts: Gabriel Garcà a Mà ¡rquez Full Name: Gabriel Josà © de la Concordia Garcà a Mà ¡rquezAlso Known As: GaboBorn: March 6, 1927, in Aracataca, ColombiaDied: April 17, 2014, in Mexico City, MexicoSpouse: Mercedes Barcha Pardo, m. 1958Children: Rodrigo, b. 1959 and Gonzalo, b. 1962à Best-known Works: 100 Years of Solitude, Chronicle of a Death Foretold, Love in the Time of CholeraKey Accomplishments:à Nobel Prize for Literature, 1982, leading writer of magical realismQuote: Reality is also the myths of the common people. I realized that reality isnt just the police that kill people, but also everything that forms part of the life of the common people. Magical realism is a type of narrative fiction which blends a realistic picture of ordinary life with fantastic elements. Ghosts walk among us, say its practitioners: Garcà a Mà ¡rquez wrote of these elements with a wry sense of humor, and an honest and unmistakable prose style.à à Early Yearsà Gabriel Josà © de la Concordia Garcà a Mà ¡rquez (known as Gabo) was born on March 6, 1927, in the town of Aracataca, Colombia near the Caribbean coast. He was the eldest of 12 children; his father was a postal clerk, telegraph operator, and itinerant pharmacist, and when Garcà a Mà ¡rquez was 8, his parents moved away so his father could find a job. Garcà a Mà ¡rquez was left to be raised in a large ramshackle house by his maternal grandparents. His grandfather Nicolas Mà ¡rquez Mejia was a liberal activist and a colonel during Columbias Thousand Days War; his grandmother believed in magic and filled her grandsons head with superstitions and folk tales, dancing ghosts and spirits.à In an interview published in The Atlantic in 1973, Garcà a Mà ¡rquez said he had always been a writer. Certainly, all of the elements of his youth were interwoven into Garcà a Mà ¡rquezs fiction, a blend of history and mystery and politics that Mexican poet Pablo Neruda compared to Cervantess Don Quixote. Writing Career Garcà a Mà ¡rquez was educated at a Jesuit college and in 1946, began studying for the law at the National University of Bogota. When the editor of the liberal magazine El Espectador wrote an opinion piece stating that Colombia had no talented young writers, Garcà a Mà ¡rquez sent him a selection of short stories, which the editor published as Eyes of a Blue Dog.à A brief burst of success was interrupted by the assassination of Colombias president Jorge Eliecer Gaitan. In the following chaos, Garcà a Mà ¡rquez left to become a journalist and investigative reporter in the Caribbean region, a role he would never give up. Exile from Colombia In 1954, Garcà a Mà ¡rquez broke a news story about a sailor who survived the shipwreck of a Columbian Navy destroyer. Although the wreck had been attributed to a storm, the sailor reported that badly stowed illegal contraband from the US came loose and knocked eight of the crew overboard. The resulting scandal led to Garcà a Mà ¡rquezs exile to Europe, where he continued writing short stories and news and magazine reports. In 1955, his first novel, Leafstorm (La Hojarasca) was published: it had been written seven years earlier but he could not find a publisher until then.à Marriage and Family Garcà a Mà ¡rquez married Mercedes Barcha Pardo in 1958, and they had two children: Rodrigo, born 1959, now a television and film director in the U.S., and Gonzalo, born in Mexico City in 1962, now a graphic designer.à One Hundred Years of Solitude (1967)à Garcà a Mà ¡rquez got the idea for his most famous work while he was driving from Mexico City to Acapulco. To get it written, he holed up for 18 months, while his family went into debt $12,000, but at the end, he had 1,300 pages of manuscript. The first Spanish edition sold out in a week, and over the next 30 years, it sold more than 25 million copies and has been translated into more than 30 languages.à The plot is set in Macondo, a town based on his own hometown of Aracataca, and its saga follows five generations of descendants of Josà © Arcadio Buendà a and his wife Ursula, and the city they founded. Josà © Arcadio Buendà a is based on Garcà a Mà ¡rquezs own grandfather. Events in the story include a plague of insomnia, ghosts that grow old, a priest who levitates when he drinks hot chocolate, a woman who ascends into heaven while doing the laundry, and rain which lasts four years, 11 weeks and two days.à In a 1970 review of the English language version, Robert Keily of The New York Times said it was a novel so filled with humor, rich detail and startling distortion that it brings to mind the best of [William] Faulkner and Gà ¼nter Grass.à This book is so well known, even Oprah has put it on her must-read book list. Political Activismà Garcà a Mà ¡rquez was an exile from Colombia for most of his adult life, mostly self-imposed, as a result of his anger and frustration over the violence that was taking over his country. He was a lifelong socialist, and a friend of Fidel Castros: he wrote for La Prensa in Havana, and always maintained personal ties with the communist party in Colombia, even though he never joined as a member. A Venezuelan newspaper sent him behind the Iron Curtain to the Balkan States, and he discovered that far from an ideal Communist life, the Eastern European people lived in terror.à He was repeatedly denied tourist visas to the United States because of his leftist leanings but was criticized by activists at home for not totally committing to communism. His first visit to the U.S. was the result of an invitation by President Bill Clinton to Marthas Vineyard. Later Novelsà In 1975, the dictator Augustin Pinochet came to power in Chile, and Garcà a Mà ¡rquez swore he would never write another novel until Pinochet was gone. Pinochet was to remain in power a grueling 17 years, and by 1981, Garcà a Mà ¡rquez realized that he was allowing Pinochet to censor him.à Chronicle of a Death Foretold was published in 1981, the retelling of a horrific murder of one of his childhood friends. The protagonist, a merry and peaceful, and openhearted son of a wealthy merchant, is hacked to death; the whole town knows in advance and cant (or wont) prevent it, even though the town doesnt really think hes guilty of the crime hes been accused of: a plague of inability to act. In 1986, Love in the Time of Cholera was published, a romantic narrative of two star-crossed lovers who meet but dont connect again for over 50 years. Cholera in the title refers to both the disease and anger taken to the extreme of warfare. Thomas Pynchon, reviewing the book in the New York Times, extolled the swing and translucency of writing, its slang and its classicism, the lyrical stretches and those end-of-sentence zingers.à Death and Legacyà In 1999, Gabriel Garcà a Mà ¡rquez was diagnosed with lymphoma, but continued to write until 2004, when reviews of Memories of My Melancholy Whores were mixedââ¬âit was banned in Iran. After that, he slowly sank into dementia, dying in Mexico City on April 17, 2014.à In addition to his unforgettable prose works, Garcà a Mà ¡rquez brought world attention to the Latin American literary scene, set up an International Film School near Havana, and a school of journalism on the Caribbean coast.à Notable Publicationsà 1947: Eyes of a Blue Dogà 1955: Leafstorm, a family areà mourners at the burial of a doctor whose secret past makes the entire town want to humiliate the corpse1958: No One Writes to the Colonel, a retired army officer begins an apparently futile attempt to get his military pension1962: In Evil Hour, set during the La Violencia, a violent period in Colombia during the late 1940s and early 1950s1967: One Hundred Years of Solitudeà 1970: The Story of a Shipwrecked Sailor, a compilation of shipwreck scandal articles1975: Autumn of the Patriarch, a dictator rules for two centuries, an indictment of all the dictators plaguing Latin Americaà à 1981: Chronicle of a Death Foretoldà à 1986: Love in the Time of Choleraà 1989: The General in the Labyrinth, account of the last years of the revolutionary hero Simon Bolivar1994: Love and Other Demons, an entire coastal town slips into communal madness1996: News of a Kidnapping, nonfiction report on the Colombian Medellin drug carte l2004: Memories of My Melancholy Whores, story of a 90-year-old journalists affair with a 14-year-old prostitute Sources Del Barco, Mandalit. Writer Gabriel Garcia Marquez, Who Gave Voice to Latin America, Dies. National Public Radio April 17, 2014. Print.Fetters, Ashley. The Origins of Gabriel Garcia Marquezs Magic Realism. The Atlantic April 17 2014. Print.Kandell, Jonathan. Gabriel Garcà a Mà ¡rquez, Conjurer of Literary Magic, Dies at 87. The New York Times April 17, 2014. Print.Kennedy, William. The Yellow Trolley Car in Barcelona, and Other Visions. The Atlantic January 1973. Print.Kiely, Robert. Memory and Prophecy, Illusion and Reality Are Mixed and Made to Look the Same. The New York March 8, 1970. Print.TimesPynchon, Thomas. The Hearts Eternal Vow. The New York Times 1988: April 10. Print.Vargas Llosa, Mario. Garcà a Mà ¡rquez: Historia De Un Deicidio. Barcelona-Caracas: Monte Avila Editores, 1971. Print. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12639842073227131698noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5998911812623187842.post-59938774822924747692020-05-06T15:51:00.001-07:002020-05-06T15:51:37.063-07:00Disadvantages Of Technology In Education - 836 Words ââ¬Å"I fear the day that technology will surpass our human interaction. The world will have a generation of idiotsâ⬠-Albert Einstein. Todayââ¬â¢s day and age has produced, and still produces, some of the most intelligent people who have created and thought of the machines and theories that have forever changed life itself. With the creation of things such as computers, cell phones, television, and more, communication between people has never been easier, or so one would think. One popular interpretation of the quote describes the use of the term ââ¬Å"idiotsâ⬠by stating that with the decline of social interaction, through technological advancements, people are no longer able to communicate and interpret situations in a proper way. Throughout timeâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Advancing childrenââ¬â¢s minds early in their education by using computers also creates issues with their abilities to interact with other kids and to work well in groups due to the isolati on of computerized learning and lack of social interaction. With the decline in traditional ways of teaching children through lectures, hard copies of activities, and group projects, it can be predicted that the patterns shown from studies already done on these topics will only continue, if it does not get worse. Children that start on this path often continue using the technologies they were introduced to at a young age. Growing up with the influence of technologies, things like social media and the need to stay connected to one another also follow. Staying connected over technologies can take the shape of many relationships. Three general ways of relationships or networks that provide for communication are, linear, random, and totally connected. Linear, is as the name applies, has the least amount of connections and maintains the most separation. Random is when relationships cannot be defined or explained. Lastly totally connected describes the network where every person is conn ected to one another (Lazer). Through these networks, global connections can be achieved. Global communications are described to have the ability to ââ¬Å"motivate some of them to agitate for social change,â⬠change as little as a change in a personââ¬â¢sShow MoreRelatedAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Technology In Education1218 Words à |à 5 Pagesgadgets and techno-era usages in all the aspects of life, it is highly convincible to use the same in education system as well. Though, this advancement is inevitable, still there are many fall-outs that the teachers and the education providers should look forward to. I would like to extend my views regarding the problems that may arise during and due to the usage and overdependence of technology for teaching purposes and precisely in ESL context, especially when the students are unable to adapt theRead MoreEssay Communication Technology1537 Words à |à 7 PagesMoreover, communication technologies have made it simple to comm unicate to friends in the other side of the world by calling them using mobile phone, e-mailing them and writing in our web pages using social networks, such as Face book, Twitter or Messenger. Additionally, many other recourses are used by the majority of people to keep in touch with the world, which they can watch television or listen to the radio especially when they go to work. Therefore, communication technologies are considered oneRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Using Technology Into Preschool Classroom1321 Words à |à 6 Pages What are the advantages and disadvantages of using technology in the preschool classroom? Nowadays, technology is essential to every part of our lives, our workplace and our school-lives. In order to let the new generations acquire the skills to help them to survive in this highly technological knowledge-based society, many schools are just starting to combine technology into preschool classrooms learning. Dr.Char Cynthia, who had been a senior associate inRead MoreDigital Divide : High Tech Devices Or Information Communication Technology1658 Words à |à 7 PagesInformation Communication Technology (ICT) to access the use of the Internet and those that have access to these devices. The five factors in my opinion responsible for digital divide are: age, disability, rural area, income, and education. 1. Age ââ¬â Even though people are living longer, it doesnââ¬â¢t change the fact that there is a gap between the younger age group using the Internet compared to the elderly. The young-adults age group is more open-minded to change when it comes to technology, wherein the elderlyRead MoreImpact Of Technology On Our Daily Lives1505 Words à |à 7 PagesTechnology in Education No one can deny the effects that technology has on our daily lives. We might disagree weather or not technology impacts education in a positive or a negative way, but we should agree that technology is everywhere, in our homes, hospitals, schools, companies and institutes. According to Ken Funk (1999), ââ¬Å"The word technology comes from two Greek words, transliterated techne and logos. Techne means art, skill, craft, or the way, manner, or means by which a thing is gained. LogosRead MoreOnline Education Versus Traditional Education1196 Words à |à 5 PagesOnline Education versus Traditional Education Many students have a difficult time choosing between online education and traditional education. Both styles of education offer advantages and disadvantages to the student. There are many things to consider when making this life altering decision, such as, cost, convenience, time, social interaction, and technology. This information is meant to inform prospective students looking to further their education of the pros and cons of both online educationRead MoreTechnology And Higher Up Education : A Literature Review848 Words à |à 4 PagesTechnology in Higher Up Education: A Literature Review The higher up education in the United States has always excelled as one of the best around the world. Many of the learning methods that are used nowadays in colleges and universities are a lot similar to the ones used in past generation. A variant that nowadays affects not only education but also our lives in general is the technology that we have at our disposal. Technology is the next step of education so much so that many higher up educationalRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Technology Based Assessment758 Words à |à 4 Pageslearnerââ¬â¢s strengths, weaknesses. The ensuing newsletter will discuss the positive including negative incommodity toward of technology based assessments such as formative assessments, criterion based assessments, curriculum based measurements. Additionally, present a summary regarding which technology examination I perceive are beneficial concerning student literacy. Current Technology Based Assessment Formative assessment is an examination regarding literacy. Therefore, measures studentââ¬â¢s achievementRead MoreDiversity And Public Administration By Harvey L. White And Rice1254 Words à |à 6 Pagesminority population has increased dramatically. In result of minority population increasing, public organizations have a more diverse work environment. In the workplace, diversity can be a benefit. According to the article entitled , ââ¬Å"Advantages and Disadvantages of Diversity in the Workplaceâ⬠by David Ingram, Ingram(2015) stated that by have a diverse workplace allows the company to utilize their employeesââ¬â¢ cultural difference to strengthen the organizationsââ¬â¢ productivity. Another advantage of diverseRead MoreImportance Of Internet Education Essay1749 Words à |à 7 PagesWhat is the importance of Internet Education and how does the Internet affect our lives? The importance of Internet Education is that it has changed the way students are being taught in schools. It also helps Teachers and Students learn with better and easy learning styles. According to James Wright, ââ¬Å"Teachers use the Internet to supplement their lessons, and a number of prestigious universities have opened up free online lectures and courses to everyone.â⬠(Wright, 2015, para.1). It is easier for Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12639842073227131698noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5998911812623187842.post-71089597925362675592020-05-05T18:09:00.001-07:002020-05-05T18:09:19.431-07:00International Business Law Questions: 1. a) Outline and discuss each partys likely legal rights and liabilities in relation to the first and second shipments by reference to Australian law and where applicable referring to the CISG.b) Would Sino Steel be entitled to terminate the remainder of the contract the April 2016 instalment and if so what consequences would follow?2. a)How might the parties best cooperate?b)Assuming that only the false certificate issued and that alternatively only the incorrect letter of credit issued, what would be the respective innocent partys legal rights?3.Outline and appraise the applicable GATT/WTO, bilateral and regional free trade agreement (AANZFTA), and WTO sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) Agreement sourced rules which govern the Australia-Philippine banana trade and consider whether Australia can rely on strict SPS quarantine rules to discourage imports. Answers: 1. a) The General Rights and Obligations of Parties The Convention places a duty on any seller to avail the goods, provide the stipulated documents in relation to these goods and finally to hand over property in the goods upon completion of the contract (CISG, Art. 31). Additionally, the seller is obliged to deliver the goods in the quality and quantity described in the contract of sale (CISG, Art.35). In order to ensure the provisions with regard to quality and quantity are met, the Seller it required to inspect the goods prior to packaging or sealing them in the container as provided by the Convention. With the regard to the buyer, the general obligations include the duty to pay for the goods and the duty to take delivery as provided by Article 53 of the CISG Convention. Payment of goods constitutes undertaking the required formalities to facilitate payment such as applying for a letter of credit. Consequently, failure to adhere or fulfil either of the above obligations would constitute a breach of contract(Clayton Steven, 2016). However, the law provides for certain circumstances under which a party would be exempted from liability (United Nations Commission on International Trade, 1980). The First Shipment The first shipment, in February 2016, was characterised by a delay with the letter of credit at the sellers bank and a delay in shipment of the goods from the seller to the buyer. The issues arising based on this delay are first, whether a delay with the letter of credit constituted a lack of performance on the buyers part and secondly whether the delay in shipment gave rise to any liabilities against the seller. Letters of Credit A letter of credit is, usually, an irrevocable committal of a banking institution expressed to the seller on the buyers behalf expressing a promise to pay a certain sum upon the receipt of goods or items for sale(Richard, et al., 2012). The buyers bank issues a letter of credit in the sellers favour which is communicated through the sellers bank (Justin Bernard, 2014). Denning LJ illustrated the significance of letters of credit by stating that they assure the seller of payment upon delivery of goods and presentation of required documents and similarly ensure that payment is not made until the goods as described in the contract are delivered thus protecting the interests of both parties (Pavia Co. SpA v Thurmann-Nielson, 1952). In most cases, the application for a letter of credit is treated as a pre-requisite to the conveyance of goods and as such without it, a seller is not obliged to perform his duties as per the contract (Indira Stone, 2013). Letters of credit enjoy autonomy f rom the sales contract as illustrated in Maurice OMeara Co v National Park Bank of NY (1925) but are subject to the doctrine of strict compliance in that any documents presented to request payment should be in line with the descriptions provided in the letter of credit (Richard, et al., 2012). Additionally, Art.27 of the CISG provides that where either of the parties requires communication to be made with regard to the sale of goods, any delay or error encountered in transmitting this communication, where the appropriate measures have been taken on the senders part, will not disentitle the sending party from relying on the information. This is to say, that where errors occur but a party has done their part to ensure communication has passed, failure in transmission will not render them to have failed in performance. In the case study provided, there was a 14-day delay in receipt of the Letter of Credit at Queensland bank. The delay was however as a result of the errors at the sellers bank. The buyer had neither failed to apply nor send the letter of credit. From the discussion above, it can be adduced that where a letter of credit is a pre-requisite to performance and it is not applied for or issued, then the seller is not obligated to commence performance and the contract can even be avoided. However, the provision in Art.27 excludes the buyer, Sino Steel, from any liability because the delay in communicating the Letter of Credit was not as a result of their failure to perform their obligations but a failure in transmission by the sellers bank. The CISG seeks to unify as well as promote international trade, and as such, it provides for the extension of time to allow for the application and subsequent receipt of letters of credit or any other documents required to facilitate trade. Delay in Shipment A delay in shipment amounts to a delay in performance of the contract by the seller. The legal issue arising from the delay is the effect it will have on the contract and the legal rights available to the aggrieved party as a result of the delay. Art.33 of the CISG imposes an obligation on a seller to deliver goods within the time frame outlined by the contract. Failure to deliver subsequently constitutes a failure to perform. Where the seller fails or delays in performance, a buyer is open to a variety of remedies. Firstly, they may choose to allow additional time to facilitate performance, secondly they may file a claim for damages resulting from the losses suffered, they may also request a renegotiation in price by way of a discount or opt to avoid the contract where they find the losses suffered from the delay a fundamental breach of the contract(United Nations Commission on International Trade, 1980). In the scenario provided Sino Steel is entitled to all these remedies with regard to the delay in shipment by Ferrum Co. in February 2016. However, as the shipment was received, should Ferrum Co. decide to avoid the contract, they would still be obligated to pay for the goods they accepted. The Second Shipment The issues arising from the second shipment are whether the delay in loading, caused by flooding, led to any breach of performance on the sellers part. This will be decided by analysing force majeure and the rights and liabilities of parties to a contract with regard to frustrating events. The second shipment was also marred by error which led to the transportation of an inappropriate iron ore quality to the buyer. This error gives rise to the issue of conformity, inspection and certification which are obligations set out in law that a seller is to comply with while performing his end of a contract. Frustrating Events Under English Common Law, which is applied in Australia, frustration occurs where a contractual obligation cannot be executed, without either partys interference, as performance under the available circumstances would technically constitute a breach (Davis Contractors Ltd v Fareham Urban District Council, 1956). According to Viscount Simon LC in Joseph Constantine Steamship Line Ltd v Imperial Smelting Corp. Ltd [1942], a frustrating even would normally terminate the contract, however, where a party continues to perform, they are entitled to remuneration (Robin Bath, 2009). Not every event which renders performance challenging constitutes a frustrating event(British Movietone News Ltd v London and District Cinemas Ltd , 1952). This doctrine is embodied in Article 79 of the CISG which refers to impediments without control. Under the convention, the existence of an impediment will not terminate the contract, but merely suspend it until it can be resumed (Robin Bath, 2009). Where a cl ause with regard to frustrating events is lacking, contracting parties can rely on Article 79 of the CISG which provides for exemption from liability for as long as the impediment exists(Justin Bernard, 2014). With regard to Ferrum Corps case, the flood can be said to constitute a frustrating event for which the exporter can rely on Article 79 to be exempted from liability as there is no express force majeure clause mentioned in the agreement. The flood was an unforeseen impediment to the sellers performance which neither he nor any reasonable person, could have predicted. Inspection, Certification and Conformity Inspection certificates are some of the documents received by the bank from a seller who wishes to claim payment by letter of credit (Robin Bath, 2009). The certificate affirms to the buyer that the goods were inspected prior to loading and upon testing complied with the description required by the contract (Justin Bernard, 2014). Sellers are expected to meet all the terms stipulated in the contract and outlined in the letter of credit in order to receive payment where certification is required (Richard, et al., 2009). The doctrine of strict compliance is applied in affirming whether the certificate provided adheres to the descriptions in the letter of credit(Richard, et al., 2009). Non-conformity, with regard to the quality of the product, imposes a liability on the seller according to the CISG Art. 36. In the case study provided, the first agreement required self-certification from Ferrum Corp. as to the quality of the iron ore. A loading error on the March 2016 instalment led to the inappropriate quality of iron ore being shipped. The quality of the iron ore was a contradiction to the Certificate of Inspection issued as well as the requirements of the letter of credit. In the steel industry, poor quality raw materials would lead to poor quality products consequently resulting in loss of profits as what they produce would be sold at a lower price. These facts provide justification for a breach of contract on the part of the seller. The loss in profits creates a detriment so great as to constitute a fundamental breach. However if the seller can prove that the shipping of the poor quality iron ore was a failure on the part of a third party and that he had done all that was required to ensure the right quality of product was shipped out and was unaware of the non-conformity, then he c an rely on Art.79 of the CISG to exempt himself from liability. The CISG provides alternative remedies such as a request for substitute conforming goods so as to ensure the contract is concluded and not terminated. b) The CISG, under article 29, provides for termination of a contract at any time on the agreement of both parties(Clayton Steven, 2016). Additionally, where an action or inaction of a party causes the other great detriment as to deprive them of his rights in the contract, the aggrieved party can opt to avoid the contract, discharging both parties of any future obligations(United Nations Commission on International Trade, 1980). Section V of the Convention outlines the expected consequences should a party opt to avoid a contract. However, where a party has performed their end of the bargain, to any given degree, they can claim restitution for the work done. If restitution cannot be made, then the contract cannot be avoided. Sino Steel can rely on these two provisions to terminate the contract relating to the third shipment expected in April. That is, should they wish to terminate the contract, a simple agreement with Ferrum Steel will suffice. If they opt to avoid the contract, they should ensure that they can completely compensate Ferrum Co. for the shipments made in February and March as well as any other claims due to them. 2. a) The challenges experienced in this scenario were caused by third parties and not as a result of the action or omission of the original parties to the contract. Art.79 excludes the parties from any liabilities caused by second parties. Cooperation would be best applied if they decide to liaise together to rectify the mistakes as well as institute action against the liable third parties. Termination of the contract based on third party errors would not be in the best interests of either party. The CISG provides guidelines to ensure continuity of the contract where such challenges arise. b) False Certificate A fraudulent employee at Gladstone Iron Testing led to the issuance of a false certificate whose assertions did not match the actual quality of the iron ore transported and therefore were in contradiction to the description in the Letter of Credit. The legal issue arising in this scenario is the effect of fraud by a third party on the contract as a whole. This will be decided by analysing how courts have dealt with fraudulent documents presented to claim payment on letters of credit. International trade law applies a strict doctrine of autonomy where letters of credit are considered independent of any sales contract and as such, any issuing bank is only concerned with the accuracy of the sellers documents and not the quality, quantity or legitimacy of the goods(Richard, et al., 2009). However, the strict nature of this doctrine is eased by the fraud exception which, according to Lord Diplock, applies where a beneficiary consciously presents documents containing fraudulent material to the confirming bank (United City Merchants (Investments) Ltd v Royal Bank of Canada (The American Accord), 1983). A confirming bank can however not decline to make a payment where it is convinced that the presented documents are congruent with the letter of credit(Richard, et al., 2009). Where a party is convinced of fraud, the onus is on them to prove it, which is usually difficult to establish as was the case in Hortico (Australia) Pty Ltd v Energy Equipment Co (Australia) Pty Ltd (1985) 1 NSW 545. According to English Law, fraud emanating from the actions of a third party will not be considered as fraud in the contract so as to have the effect of allowing a bank to deny payment(Richard, et al., 2009). In the case study provided, the fraudulent party was a third party to the contract whose services were sought to certify the quality of the ore. There is no evidence as to whether either of the contracting parties was involved or aware of any fraudulent activities, therefore neither can be held liable or denied performance as a result of the third parties actions. The innocent parties can file a suit to claim damages against Gladstone Iron Testing for providing a false certificate which led to a shipment containing an inappropriate quality of goods. Additionally, if the seller can provide proof that the buyer had colluded with the Gladstone employee for a false certificate of inspection, they will then be entitled to request the bank not to pay the seller on the ground of fraud. Incorrect Letter of Credit An error by a Shanghai Bank Officer led to the issuing of a letter of credit where none was required. This means that Queensland bank would receive a letter of credit entitling the seller to payment where no performance was required. The legal issue arising from this error is on of mistake. As has been repeatedly mentioned in the discussion above, CISGs main objective revolves around unifying and facilitating international trade and as such most of its remedies revolve around ensuring the continuance of the contract. Therefore, the mistake of issuing a letter of credit where none was required would not constitute a breach of contract so serious as to be considered fundamental and as such can be corrected through the cooperation of the parties to rectify it. 3. A Free Trade Agreement (FTA) is an international agreement that eradicates restrictions to trade and enables well-founded trade and commercial ties, thus increasing economic unity among member states ( Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, n.d.). It is created when two or more countries agree to do away with customs duties and other barriers to trade carried out among them(Richard, et al., 2009). Arte, extensive FTAs are significant in ensuring liberalisation of international trade and are expressly provided for under the World Trade Organisation (WTO) rules ( Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, n.d.). These rules require the removal of charges and other limitations in almost all trade in goods as well as the elimination of almost all discrimination with regard to services supplied with and by member states ( Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, n.d.). In this question, the paper aims to identify the var ious rules and agreements that would govern a mutual free trade agreement with regard to the banana industry between Australia and the Philippines. It will also seek to identify the possible Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Measures applicable by Australia and the effect they will have on trade. In doing this, the paper will rely on policies outlined in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the ASEAN-Australia-New Zealand Free Trade Agreement (AANZFTA) and the WTOs SPS Agreement. Rules and Policies Governing the Australian-Philippine Banana Industry The GATT was first established in 1947 and later revised in 1994 during the Uruguay Round as a framework to facilitate world trade (Matthias, 2016). It serves as the most important multilateral trade agreement and aims to liberalise international trade through the step by step elimination of restrictive trade practices and other defensive intrusions with regard to global as well as national market competition(Matthias, 2016). The basic principles of the GATT are non-discrimination and liberalisation(WTO, n.d.). Non-discrimination emanates in form of the Most-Favoured-Nation principle where a member is required to treat all members as equal, in that, if a favour is granted to one member, it should be granted to all others in the same situation (Kenneth, 2011). Another principle of non-discrimination is the National Treatment principle which required equal treatment of foreign and local traders. These principles are embodied in Articles 2 and 3 of the GATT respectively (WTO, n.d.). The WTO rules apply a balancing test with regard to the protection of the public versus the restriction of cross-border trade however, they tend to favour the eradication of restrictions over individual state protective measures as seen in Thailand Restrictions on Importation of Cigarettes Case (1991), where restriction to cigarette imports were seen as contravening the GATT. In the restriction of imports, a country can rely on the Escape Clause provided under Article XIX, which allows a country to depart from performing or upholding previous promises (Richard, et al., 2012). However, the escaping party must prove that their departure is due to injury caused by increased imports on its domestic producers as held in Argentina Safeguard Measures on Imports of Footwear (WTO 1999). In the case study provided, a free trade agreement between Australia and the Philippines will be a great step towards the liberation of international trade. It is expected, however, that both parties ensure non-discrimination in the trade of bananas both internationally and within their respective borders. Where a party is convinced, and can provide evidence to the same effect, that this agreement is detrimental to their local banana traders, and then a suspension can be granted by way of the Escape Clause so as to allow revision of the terms of trade. It is important to note however that, as the objective of GATT is the reduction of trade restrictions, any restrictions are likely to only apply until an alternative solution is obtained. The Agreement Establishing the ASEAN-Australia-New Zealand Free Trade Area, enforced in January 2010, remains to be the most purposeful and inclusive trade agreement negotiated by the region's members to date(Christopher, 2015). With regard to the sale of goods, the agreement upholds the provisions of the WTO while including more specific commitments as well as enhancing transparency. The SPS Measures provide that a country has every right to embark in protecting its human, animal and plant life or health, however, it cannot use this right to discriminate on trading activities with other countries(Richard, et al., 2012). Any SPS measure should conform to the international standards and guidelines provided by the WTO-SPS Agreements as well as those outlined in the GATT 1994(World Trade Organization, 1995). The measures should be transparent and based on proper scientific evidence (Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, n.d.). They measures should balance the level of protection required, against the extent of restriction on trade(Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, n.d.). In the case study provided, either of the parties has the right to employ SPS measures to protect its people, animals and plants. However, the restrictions employed are subject to various qualifications. Firstly, they should be consistent with the SPS Agreement as well as the rules on SPS measures outlined in the GATT 1994. Additionally, any proposed SPS measure should be accompanied by adequate scientific evidence to show threats to life and health that will emanate if the measure is not put in place. Most importantly, in as much as a party would like to apply protective measures, these measures should not be so restrictive as to curtail or discriminate on trade. With this in mind, it is evident that Australia can apply SPS measures, but the purpose of these measures should not be to restrict trade and neither should the measures be so strict as to constitute discrimination. Bibliography Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, n.d. Free Trade Agreements. [Online] Available at: https://dfat.gov.au/trade/agreements/Pages/about-ftas.aspx [Accessed 23 September 2016]. ASEAN, Australia and New Zealand, 2012. ASEAN-Australia-New Zealand Free Trade Agreement (AANZFTA). s.l.:s.n. Bonython v Commonwealth of Australia (1951) AC 201. British Movietone News Ltd v London and District Cinemas Ltd (1952) AC 166. Clayton Utz, 2015. Australian Contract Law. 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SpA v Thurmann-Nielson (1952) 2 QB 84. Re Missouri Steamship Co. (1889) 42 Ch D 321 (CA). Richard, S., Filiberto, A. Beverley, E., 2009. International Business Law and its Environment. 7th ed. s.l.:Cengage Learning. Richard, S., Filiberto, A., Lucien, J. D. Beverley, E., 2012. International Business Law and Its Environment. 8th ed. s.l.:Cengage Learning. Robin, B. Bath, V., 2009. Law of International Business in Australasia. s.l.:Federation Press. Saxvy v Fulton (1909) 2 KB 208. Sid, W. Danielle, B., 2012. Does Your Choice of Law for the Contract Extend to the International Arbitration Agreement?. [Online] Available at: https://www.claytonutz.com/knowledge/2012/august/does-your-choice-of-law-for-the-contract-extend-to-the-international-arbitration-agreement [Accessed 23 September 2016]. Sulamerica CIA Nacional De Seguros SA v Enesa Engenharia SA (2012) EWCA Civ 638. The 'August' (1891) P 328. UNICTRAL Secretariat, 1980. Explanatory note on the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, s.l.: United Nations. United City Merchants (Investments) Ltd v Royal Bank of Canada (The American Accord) (1983) 1 Appeal Cases 168. United Nations Commission on International Trade, 1980. United Nations Convention on Contracts for the Sale of Goods, s.l.: United Nations. United Nations, 1947. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, s.l.: s.n. United Nations, 1994. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), s.l. World Trade Organization. Vita Food Products Inc v Unus Shipping Co. Ltd (1939) AC 277. World Trade Organization, 1995. Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures Agreement, s.l.: WTO. WTO, n.d. Principles of the Trading System. [Online] Available at: https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/fact2_e.htm [Accessed 23 September 2016]. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12639842073227131698noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5998911812623187842.post-55328187541236583082020-04-11T14:41:00.001-07:002020-04-11T14:41:02.676-07:00The Constitution Essay Research Paper When the free essay sample The Constitution Essay, Research Paper When the framers decided to compose a fundamental law, they were faced with several jobs, one of which was how to put up the national authorities. We will write a custom essay sample on The Constitution Essay Research Paper When the or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The framers had to make a authorities that had strong cardinal power but still maintained civil autonomies for the people. Despite one perceiver s averment that # 8221 ; The Constitutional Convention of 1787 is supposed to hold created a authorities of detached powers. It did nil of the kind. Rather it created a authorities of detached establishments sharing powers, # 8221 ; the Constitutional Convention really created a authorities that has separated powers every bit good as separate establishments sharing powers. The Framers intended for the national authorities non to be of one exclusive entity with exclusive power, but instead to be a authorities of several establishments with specific separate powers. Along with the separate powers, the Convention of 1787 intended those separate subdivisions to hold specific powers to look into the other subdivisions of the national authorities. The framers present at the Constitutional Convention of 1787 intended to make a authorities of detached powers. When the framers spoke of detached powers, they were mentioning to the division of a national authorities and its powers. The framers feared allowing the same entity all powers of authorities: legislative, judicial and executive. If one individual, group, or subdivision has all power, the people s autonomy is lost. James Madison provinces, The accretion of all powers, legislative, executive, and bench, in the same custodies, whether of one, a few, or many, and whether familial, self-appointed, or elected, may rightly be pronounced the really definition of dictatorship # 8230 ; . the saving of autonomy requires that the three great sections of power should be separate and distinguishable ( Federalist No. 47, Lasser, 9-10 ) . Here, Madison makes it apparent that the fright of one entity possessing all governmental power led the framers to set up a authorities of detached pow ers ; hence, the national authorities was divided into three subdivisions. The three subdivisions of the national authorities that the framers created are to hold separate and specific powers. Each subdivision has specifically allotted powers that are of importance to the national authorities. Madison refers to the New Hampshire province Constitution, that the legislative, executive, and judiciary powers ought to be kept as separate from, and independent of, each other as the nature of a free authorities will acknowledge ; or as is consistent with that concatenation of connexion that binds the whole cloth of the fundamental law in one insoluble bond of integrity and cordiality ( Federalist No. 47, Lasser, 11 ) . Congress is to make Torahs, the Judicial Branch is to interprets Torahs, and the Executive Branch is to ens ure that the Torahs are executed. These powers are specifically designated so that no other subdivision shall take portion in the allotted powers of another subdivision. Madison quotes the Massachusetts fundamental law, that the legislative section shall neer exert the executive and judicial powersâ⬠¦ ( Federalist No. 47, Lasser, 12 ) . Madison believed that each subdivision should so be separate with separate and distinguishable powers. Next, although the framers had created a authorities of separate powers, they besides wanted to guarantee that each subdivision did non take advantage of its allotted powers. Therefore, the framers instilled the system of shared powers. Each subdivision was granted the right to look into and equilibrate the other subdivisions ; this system of shared powers is an indispensable portion of America s authorities today. Through checking and equilibrating each other, the three subdivisions are basically guaranting the saving of autonomy for this state and its citizens. As Madison provinces in his Federalist Paper No. 51, But the great security against a gradual concentration of several powers in the same section consists in giving to those who administer each section the necessary constitutional agencies and personal motivations to defy invasions of the others ( Lasser, 15 ) . Here, Madison is mentioning to the fact that each subdivision will utilize its ain motivations to look into and eq uilibrate the other subdivisions. James Q. Wilson besides agrees, he says of James Madison: To him and others at the Philadelphia Convention, the proper manner to maintain authorities in cheque while still go forthing it strong plenty to execute its indispensable undertakings was to let the opportunism of one individual to look into the opportunism of another ( American Government, Wilson, 22 ) . Madison and the other framers believed that autonomy could be preserved by leting the selfish involvement of people to look into and equilibrate each other. Hence, sharing powers was besides an intended aim of the Constitutional Convention of 1787. In decision, despite one perceiver s averment that # 8221 ; The Constitutional Convention of 1787 is supposed to hold created a authorities of detached powers. It did nil of the kind. Rather it created a authorities of detached establishments sharing powers, # 8221 ; the Constitutional Convention really created a authorities that has separated powers every bit good as separate establishments sharing powers. The framers desired to make a authorities that was divided into subdivisions, instead than holding one exclusive entity control all power. Alternatively, the framers divided the authorities into three subdivisions that possessed separate and distinguishable powers. In add-on to the separate powers, the framers granted each subdivision specific powers to look into and equilibrate the other two subdivisions ; hence, America s civil autonomies and protection against dictatorship was ensured. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12639842073227131698noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5998911812623187842.post-66389130139061115932020-03-10T08:24:00.001-07:002020-03-10T08:24:02.885-07:00Johannes Gutenberg essaysJohannes Gutenberg essays Throughout history many people have created new ideas and inventions that have had great impact on people. But no ones ideas have had such a huge effect on the world as Johannes Gutenbergs ideas. His invention of the moveable type printing press impacted millions of people all over the world. Johannes Gutenberg was born between 1394 and 1400 in southern city of Germany called Mainz where he grew up learning the trade of a goldsmith (Tomaselli). In 1445 Johannes invented the printing press and printed the first 42-line Bible, which was the start of a revolution of education and knowledge. Johannes Gutenberg was a great individual because his printing press revolutionized the literacy world during his time and continues to have a great impact on the world today. During the time Gutenberg lived, many people were starting to become educated(Keep). People were learning how to read and the demand for books were very high in Europe. He invented the printing press at the perfect time in history. The only way books could be reproduced was by scribes handwriting each book. This took a lot of labor and created the need for a more efficient way of printing literature(Tomaselli). His printing press solved this problem in Europe. His 42-line bible, also known as the Gutenberg bible, was printed in several languages other then Latin. This allowed almost anyone from anywhere in the world to be able to read the bible and make their own interpretation of it. His invention sparked the printing industry and soon enough, printing presses were being used all over Europe. Not to o long after Gutenbergs death were the ideas of the Renaissance being created. The printing press allowed the many new ideas and philosophies of the renaissance to be spread all throughout Europe, thus significantly educating people. His great invention revolutionized the literacy world (Tomasel... Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12639842073227131698noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5998911812623187842.post-16547158294354457122020-02-22T22:48:00.001-08:002020-02-22T22:48:03.595-08:00Strategic HRM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1Strategic HRM - Essay Example esearch for best practice and RBV perspectives especially when there are examples of firms such as Google that have successful employed these perspectives. However, it is concluded that the greater success of best-fit perspective does not mean best practices and RBV perspectives should be discarded as the two have important contribution to management efforts to improve organisational performance. According to Barney (1991), firms establish competitive advantage over the rest within a particular industry when they control heterogeneous resources including human resources. Further, such resources of the firm must not be perfectly mobile or transferable across the rest of competing firms in order to establish a long-lasting heterogeneity. Therefore, the RBV of a firm model argues that a firm that successfully creates sustainable competitive advantage over the rest in an industry is one that has unique resources and capabilities within the environment. To establish how a firm controls its resources, Barney (1991) established the VRIN model to account for valuable, rare, imperfectly imitable, non-Substitutable features of resources that a firm must control to establish its competitive advantage in an industry. Therefore, establishing competitive advantage based on these features of resources is perceived as the best approach for firms to enhance their performance and be ahead of others in the industry. While applying RBV of a firm to HRM Boxall and Purcell (2003) argues that firms adopting this framework will establish human resource advantage over the rest in the industry. For firms adopting this framework in their practices, the goal according to the authors is develop strategic capability in terms of strategic fit between resources and opportunities. Additionally, such firms must endeavour to ensure deployed resources generate benefit while recruitment and employment policies result in developing people with knowledge and skills essential in strategic thinking and Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12639842073227131698noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5998911812623187842.post-49335633445243706802020-02-06T15:35:00.001-08:002020-02-06T15:35:03.491-08:00Immigration and education Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 wordsImmigration and education - Research Paper Example om transportation to unofficial immigrants under 31 years of age; arrived in the United States earlier of age 16; have always been in the country for at least five years of residence; having not been sentenced for any crime, presently in school, having advanced from high school, or functioned in the U.S army. Thus the Obama administration is better to move on with immigration reforms which included: the immigration reform system legalized so as to function more successfully, taking precise response to labor market, thus, enhancing U.S effectiveness. Reinstates the reliability of immigration laws through an implementation system which disheartens managers and workers from their external action of the lawful system, safeguards Americas boundaries, and charges substantial consequences in touch with those who disrupt the guidelines; Proposes a just, caring, and arranged technique to permit numerous of the coarsely millions of migrants presently residing unlawfully in the U.S to receive the legal rights of living in the country. This is worth implementation since the immigrants could aid in increasing the U.S economy as they are very hard working persons, Registration of these immigrants with contextual authorizations would certify that we know who is here and will allow the U.S powers to pay attention to implementation properties on criminal essentials and safety pressures instead of meticulous intimate memberships. The possibility for getting a national policy failure sometimes can be explained by partisan actions. The September 11 outbreaks still a possible immigration reform package in its ways. Before the outbreak, President George W. Bush meeting with Mexican president, Vicente Fox, a number of times discussing about the Latinos becoming the significant individuals of swing voters known for nowadays ,hence calling for consensual immigration reforms. Subsequent to the bomber attacks, nevertheless, immigration implementation turn out to be identical with Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12639842073227131698noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5998911812623187842.post-27204139132671606852020-01-28T22:06:00.001-08:002020-01-28T22:06:04.285-08:00Priestleys purpose Essay Example for Free Priestleys purpose Essay Unlike Gerald, Priestley describes Eric in the opening stage directions as not quite at ease. He has been expensively educated, and yet he is a disappointment to Birling: he and Gerald joke behind his back (p.10), and his father patronises him (p.12). He is kept out of the information about his fathers possible knighthood, and when he really needed help he felt his father was not the kind of father a chap could go to when hes in trouble (p. 54). His drinking is an open secret within the family (though Mrs Birling chooses not to admit it to herself), and suggests that he lacks self-discipline. This is borne out by the behaviour that is revealed in the course of the play: he forced himself into the girls lodgings despite her protests, drunk and in that state when a chap easily turns nasty (p.52), has made her pregnant, and has stolen money from his father. But he also has an honesty that others lack. He is the only one to respond spontaneously to details of the girls death (p.11), and when he is forced to admit how he behaved towards her he has a strong sense of guilt because the consequences of what he did are so serious. We also believe him when he tells Birling that he would have let the girl stay at the factory (p.16) but Eric throughout the play is shown to be naive, even if his heart is often in the right place. (Stealing Birlings money, even though a crime in law, might be another example of this.) He does not have the realistic outlook necessary to make a success of his life. He is also shown to be immature, regarding the girl as a good sport (p.52), although she treated him as a child. Like every character accused by the Inspector, he is shown to be a hypocrite he is disgusted by the fat old tarts round the town (p.52), yet by this stage in her life, the girl is also a prostitute, though it is not clear whether Eric realises this.à He appears to have learnt very little from his privileged education, yet he has been impressed by the Inspector. At the end, like Sheila, he refuses to pretend things are like they were before, and is frightened by the fact that the older generation appear not to have learnt anything. He wants his parents to admit their mistakes as freely as he has admitted his. Though he is not a particularly pleasant character, we may feel that he is sincerely ashamed of his behaviour and is capable of changing for the better. Sheilaà Priestley describes Sheila in the opening stage directions as a pretty girl and very pleased with life later, however, her prettiness is revealed as vanity and her happiness is shown to be selfish, bought at the price of the girls job.à Her first reaction to the news of the girls death is superficial she seems upset that it has spoiled her evening and Ive been so happy tonight (p.17), and is interested only in whether she was young and pretty. But, unlike her parents, she quickly comes to see her as an individual: these girls arent cheap labour theyre people (p.19), she tells Birling. She becomes agitated (p.20) as she realizes her own part in the girls death, and like Gerald later in the play runs out of the room. However, unlike her fiancà ¯Ã ¿Ã ½, she returns to accept her guilt rather than to find a way round it. We sense at the start of the play that there is an unresolved tension in her relationship with Gerald; they are actually very different people. But it is Sheila who grows up in the course of the play: at the start she is playful and attention-seeking; at the end, she is thoughtful and reflective. By contrast, Gerald is revealed to be a moral coward, unable to accept the wrongness of his behaviour and taking comfort from the fact that no-one seems to have died after all. Like Birling, she readily admits to having met the girl. But her father admits this because he is unable to see that he has done anything wrong; Sheila, on the other hand, admits this because she is genuinely ashamed (p.23) and is trying to tell the truth (p.23). Of all the characters, hers is the only confession that does her credit Mrs Birling is first obstructive then defiant, and Gerald and Eric both confess at a point when they know they have been already found out. She is guilty of the sins of pride and envy she complained about the girl because she thought she was laughing at her, and because she was a very pretty girl too I couldnt be sorry for her (p.24). Although she asks how could I know what would happen afterwards (p.24), she does not try to escape from the blame. Priestley uses her as an example of someone who is vain and thoughtless, but not heartless: she is genuine when she says if I could help her now I would (p.24). But he intends the audience to learn the lesson that good intentions are no good if they come too late; Sheilas predicament is a warning to us.à Sheila herself warns both Gerald and Mrs Birling not to try to build up a kind of wall between us and that girl (p.30). Once she has admitted her own guilt, her rà ¯Ã ¿Ã ½le in the rest of the play is to show others the importance of admitting the truth. She becomes disillusioned and hurt by what she learns about the rest of her family particularly Gerald, whom she now addresses bitterly (p.33) and with sharp sarcasm and irony (p.38) but when he has finally told the truth, she respects him rathermore than Ive ever done before (p.40). Facing up to our faults, Priestley suggests through Sheila, is painful, but not to do so makes things worse in the long run, as she says. This is part of Priestleys purpose in the play: to make us feel the urgency of rethinking the responsibility we bear towards our fellow men before it is too late.à Sheila emphasizes the importance of everyone learning from the Inspectors visit. She and Eric are the only characters who are not concerned whether Goole was a real Inspector she says it doesnt make any real difference (p.59), because she acknowledges her behaviour was morally wrong, whether or not it was legally wrong and whether or not it actually resulted in a girls death. By the end of the play, she has begun to have some understanding of what the Inspector is doing, so that she is able to see the world, and her responsibility, according to his values instead of those of her family. This is why she can see the trap her mothers arrogance is creating, and why she tries to stop her mother from exposing and condemning the childs father. It is only she and Eric, the two youngest and more impressionable characters (p.30) who, in Priestleys eyes, have profited sufficiently from the lessons on stage in front of them not to repeat their mistakes a second time as he hopes the audience will have too Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12639842073227131698noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5998911812623187842.post-30483402876689531692020-01-20T18:30:00.001-08:002020-01-20T18:30:03.390-08:00The Matthew Shepard Event Essay -- Gay Bashing Violence Law PapersThe Matthew Shepard Event The human body is an object in which one lives and the medium through which one experiences oneself and the world. The human body vests claims on ideology and space; and thus participates as the site on which conflicts about belief systems and territory contest violently. Gay bodies become entangled in violence when they enter into arenas that combat certain ideas. Gay bashing illustrates incidences all in which bodies experience physical injury. In modern U.S. communities various militant conservatives individually target homosexuals in "gay bashing." Though few conservative political groups explicitly avow targeting gays for physical violence, their members individually carry out anti-gay brutality. Mathew Shepard's brutal murder in 1998 illustrates a relatively recent incident in which the human body becomes politicized. What is the process by which the pain and death of Shepard's body transform the personal into the political? What does "gay bashing" mean to attackers, victims an d the state? The attackers' deliberate decision to raise Shepard's body stemmed from their intensions to make public what was private. To narrow the scope of analysis, I argue that by writing into law a "gay panic defense" statute the state establishes an anti-gay social atmosphere in which private citizens act as agents of the state to protect patriarchy by carrying out implicitly legalized physical violence against gays. The Gay Panic Defense uses the word panic to convey a sense of abruptness in the perpetrators' thought process during the moment they carry out the criminal behavior. The Oxford English Dictionary defines panic as "a sudden uncontrollable fear or anxiety." The word panic projects the illusion that t... ...ial meaning becomes embodied by meaning within context that ultimately has a stake in the body. Participating in the transformation of the private into the public, the human body is both an object in which one lives and a site of political articulation. Works Cited 1. Foucault, Michel. 1977. Discipline and punish. New York: Random house. 2. Friend, Richard A. 1993. "Choices, not closets: heterosexism and homophobia in schools." Beyond Silenced voices. Albany: State University of New York Press. 209-235. 3. Kaufman, Moises. 2001. The Laramie Project. New York: First Vintage Books. 4. Nardi, Peter, Bolton, Ralph. 1991. "Gay bashing: violence and aggression against gay men and lesbians." Social perspective in lesbian and gay studies. New York: Routledge. 412-433. 5. Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky. 1985. Between Men. New York: Columbia University Press. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12639842073227131698noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5998911812623187842.post-36481592032348831182020-01-12T14:54:00.001-08:002020-01-12T14:54:03.781-08:00The Libyan RevolutionWe are living through a revolution, right now, and we don't even know it. While we're all sitting around chatting on facebook, complaining about how much homework we have, and stressing about whether or not we're going to that party on the weekend, the people of the Middle East are staging a rebellion against their dictators. Sometime in the future, this revolt will be in history books, so perhaps we should know something about it, while it's actually happening. In December 2010, Tunisia reared up against President, Ben Ali, in a bid for their undeniable human rights. Major demonstrations took place in Egypt, Djibouti, Iraq, Kuwait, Iran, Algeria, Morocco, Yemen, China, Bahrain, and Libya, with minor demonstrations and suicidal protests spreading across almost every country in the Middle East. Dubbed the ââ¬ËJasmine Revolution' by media sources, the conflict across the area is a cry for the abolition of the oppressive dictatorships in place, and the introduction of some form of democracy. With the ousting of President Ben Ali of Tunisia and President Mubarak of Egypt, other leaders have stated that they will not be running for re-election, including the presidents of Yemen and Sudan, while the King of Jordan has named a new Prime Minister. In the people's fight for their rights, this is a huge step forward; Though not without a price. Over the 3 months of protest, over 1600 people have died. Awareness of this has been widely spread by the internet, with images of the violence and terror of the riots, coming to light. Startling images of the military executing civilians at peaceful protests, and mass murder of military members who refused to follow their orders, are among the more disturbing. These images are showing to the rest of the world just how important these riots are to the peace of the Middle East, and the rights of its peoples. While there has been huge success in regime change in Egypt especially, Libya is in the middle of a horrifically violent revolution. Over 1000 of the dead are Libyan, and there seems to be no end in sight. President Gadaffi is refusing to step down, while the people become more focused and empowered, which spells an ongoing, violent revolution, even more so than the riots that toppled Egypt in early February. It is vital that the rest of the world be aware of what is happening in these countries, and with word of mouth, I for one, hope that the world will continue to see progress being made, but also the horror of the sacrifices being made. The internet has been vital in spreading the word, but also in spreading the support for the people, and so with the sentiments of John Green (via twitter) ââ¬Å"Our thoughts and prayers are with you all. Be Safe. Except you Gadaffi. You can go to hell. â⬠, I urge you to take a look around, think about the people of the Middle East, and find out what's happening with this history-making event, because we are right now, living through what our children will be learning in history class. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12639842073227131698noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5998911812623187842.post-51748201264110555182020-01-04T11:18:00.001-08:002020-01-04T11:18:03.297-08:00Essay on The Role of Youth in Politics - 1291 Words Cavins 1 Throughout the history of America young people have always played a crucial role in politics. The famous writer Srirangam Srinivas wrote, ââ¬Å"Our country is not in the hands of lazy and corrupted old politicians, this country is ours i.e. youthâ⬠. Young people between the ages 18 to 25 are the future of this country and its political system. The young people of America have a responsibility to be involved with politics and with their civic duties. The youth in America must be involved in politics to ensure that America stays a country of freedom, and to combat the corruption in politics, they must also be involved with their civic duties in order to give back to their country and to leave a legacy of political and civic participationâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦When the founding fathers drafted the Constitution their main focus was creating a nation where everyone would be free from the restraints of a controlling government and treated equal. America has always been a nati on of freedom, and needs to remain that way. The youth in this country is charged with the task of ensuring that America remains the ââ¬Å"land of the freeâ⬠. Without involvement in politics this is not possible. If youth are to maintain the American ideals of freedom and equality it is imperative that they be involved in politics. Voting every four years for the president, who is more of a figure head than anything else, is simply not enough. Young people need to take a more active role in politics such as running for a political office, local or national. This is the only way they will be able to put their beliefs into action and ensure that America upholds itââ¬â¢s long standing values of freedom and equality. The youth need to start taking action as soon as they are old enough. However, young people need to be educated on politics and be firm in their beliefs before delving into the world of politics. In recent years the youth have shown a trend of disengagement and apa thy toward political involvement. According to ââ¬Å"The Good Citizenâ⬠, a book written by Russell J. Dalton, political analysts and politicians agree that the youth are losing interest in politics andShow MoreRelatedThe Arab Spring Is A Term For A Series Of Protests, And Uprisings Essay1605 Words à |à 7 Pagesseries of protests, and uprisings within the Middle East dating back to 2010. 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This alternative space can provide a platform for the voices of those who are disenfranchised and excluded from political institutions. The purpose of this essay is to examine the role of social movements in negating some of New Zealandââ¬â¢s most prominent democratic downfalls: youth disengagement and neoliberal consensus. These two issues are intimately intertwinedRead Mo reThe Political Apathy Of America s Youth1447 Words à |à 6 PagesIt is no surprise that today s youth faces a wave of disillusionment when it comes to politics. Surrounded by a world engulfed in Google and Facebook, we demand instant responsiveness in every aspect of our lives, including our government. As a result, the need for transparency and immediate interaction has ebbed Millennials faith in their government. Their numbers are stagnant in the polls and yet their willingness to emphasize political correctness seems to magnify when a politically relatedRead MoreAfrican American Women Essay602 Words à |à 3 Pagescentury, it is time to exert our strengths at a new level. The African American womans role is to grow and prosper in business, support and be active in her community, maintain a strong family foundation, be spiritually grounded and to emend our health. Black women entering the 21st century have surpassed boundaries and developed legacies in business fields such as architecture, theatre, finance, politics, education, and medicine. For example Oprah Winfery is on the wealthiest persons in theRead More Presidential Candidates Media Efforts Essay982 Words à |à 4 PagesPresidential Candidates Media Efforts Senator John McCain, a Republican from Arizona, has had a long and distinguished career in both the military and in politics. A United States Naval Pilot and Captain who received the Silver Star, Bronze Star, Legion of Merit, and Purple Heart, McCain then moved onto the House of Representatives and Senate (ââ¬Å"Biographical Data for John S. McCainâ⬠). In April of 1999, McCain announced his candidacy for President, stating his mission to ââ¬Å"restore integrity into Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12639842073227131698noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5998911812623187842.post-55016915896325739232019-12-27T07:44:00.001-08:002019-12-27T07:44:02.794-08:00Tobacco Of Tobacco And Tobacco - 1406 Words The younger the individual when they initially start smoking, the greater the possibility of addiction and becoming a lifelong smoker (King, 2015). Tobacco addiction is an issue the United States is struggling with, partially due to the fact that 90% of adult smokers began before or by the age of 18 (Ahmad, 2015). Researchers believe that since younger people become easily addicted to tobacco and older people have an easier time quitting tobacco product use, raising the minimum age for tobacco sales could prevent this addiction from spreading (Ahmad, 2015). Public opinion about tobacco use, the Tobacco 21 bill, Californiaââ¬â¢s computer model, retail, and the comparison in impact between alcohol and tobacco purchasing ages are all consideredâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦The state hopes to accomplish this through their Tobacco 21 bill, but they worry about compliances with the retailers of tobacco products. In order to ensure compliance, the State Department of Health Services i n California will conduct 4 random checks annually at tobacco outlets (Ahmad, 2015). There are an estimated 73,700 tobacco selling outlets in California which means there will be a total of 294,800 inspections per year (Ahmad, 2015). To help support the Tobacco 21 bill, the government of California has developed an elaborate computer model. The model calculates the possibilities if the legal tobacco age was raised from 18 to 21 while including multiple aspects in the consideration of the results presented by the model. The model presents drastic changes in smokers of all different age categories over a fifty year span (Ahmad, 2015). The 14-17 year old category is estimated to drop from 15.4% to 2.4%, the 18- 20 year old category could drop from 16.8% to 7.9%, and the 21 and older category could drop from 16.7% to 12.6%. The model also presented the results for the legal age being increased to 19 or 20, and while those results proved that the prevalence dropped, it is not as drastic as if the age were raised to 21. This proves that the age gap between 21 year olds and underage tobacco users is significant enough to reduce the start of use and Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12639842073227131698noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5998911812623187842.post-44720965886594142832019-12-19T03:32:00.001-08:002019-12-19T03:32:04.103-08:00Essay on Rules of Communication - 962 Words Communication Communication is a process of imparting or transferring thoughts from one entity to another either through language or writing or some other signs (Wrench, McCroskey Richmond, 2008). Language and other methods of communication, which are appropriate in one semantic environment, are usually not utilized in another semantic environment. For example in playgrounds and sports, children use the expressions like ââ¬Å"game planâ⬠or ââ¬Å"Captain of the shipâ⬠which cannot be used in a different semantic environment for example workplace. Thus language used in one semantic environment requires first ââ¬Å"setting up the modes of discourse and consequently the modes of inquiry of the secondâ⬠(Postman, 1984). Nonverbal Communication Many of theâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦People usually consider themselves more impressive and authoritative if they are taller than their subjects or subordinates (Bull, 1987). Another study proved that smiling more frequently decreases the depression and stress (Freitas-Magalhà £es Castro, 2009). Studies have also concluded that women are more familier with nonverbal communication (Agneta Anthony, 2000). Physical Space Physical Space between the people, who are communicating, plays an important role in nonverbal communication; however, different cultures perceive and use space in different manners (Segerstrale Molnar, 1997). While defining the behavior of people regarding personal space in nonverbal communication, the term territory is widely used. According to researchers there are four types of territories: â⬠¢ Primary Territory: it is the space which is very personal to someone like his home â⬠¢ Secondary territory: Although it is not very exclusive and personal, though people feel some attachment to it like a specific bench in the park etc. â⬠¢ Public territory: it is not at all exclusive and only allotted for a limited time, for example a parking space â⬠¢ Interaction territory: it is also a temporary territory created by people when they are communicating. For example when players of a team are talking while walking down the road, people do not disturb them (Hargie Dickson, 2004). Time in Communication The timing, rhythmShow MoreRelatedGender Differences In Communication Are A Set Of Rules1298 Words à |à 6 PagesGender differences in communication are a set of rules based off what society perceives as accurate for a male or female in situations. This literature review investigates gender differences in communication, particularly differences in conversational style, body politics and attractiveness, work and education, in relation to learning the roles of gender. Results of the literature review suggest that gender differences exist in various ways. Communication for females indicate women are indirect andRead MorePersonality Theory, Eye Communication, And Family Rules958 Words à |à 4 Pagesthought of as a basic human need, but it is almost as much of a necessity as the air we breathe, the food we eat, and the water we drink. Throughout the course, I have learned several things, but the information on personality theory, eye communication, and family rules were what I found t o be most interesting. Personality Theory When I read the explanation on personality theory in chapter three I was quite intrigued. DeVito states, ââ¬Å"Each person has a personality theory that says which characteristicsRead MoreThe Postal Acceptance Rule Of Modern Communication Technologies1051 Words à |à 5 PagesAbstract. This research paper investigates the case of The Postal Acceptance Rule in modern communication technologies, focused to electronic mail. In order to achieve a pragmatic result, author presupposes that electronic mail is not a traditional communication method for contract partners, however it can be considered a transformation of postal mail to digital world. Introduction It is difficult to imagine the modern world without contracts. They are combination of intention, agreement andRead MoreIntegrated Marketing Communications Is The Exception Rather Than A Rule1451 Words à |à 6 Pagesmost talked about ideas in marketing during the 1990s was the notion of integrated marketing communications (IMC). And while marketing managers still clearly feel that it is a valuable concept and one that will play an increasingly important role in their companies, there is unfortunately a great deal of evidence to suggest that truly integrated marketing communications is the exception rather than a ruleâ⬠(Percy and Rosenbaum-Elliott, 2012) Introduction Initial discussions on IMC were based on definitionsRead MoreSocial Media Has Altered The Basic Rules Of Communication Essay1591 Words à |à 7 Pagescommunicate. Nowadays, instead of picking up the phone, talking to someone in person or sending mail, humans tend to send text messages, leave voice messages, send email, and interact through the Internet. Social media has altered the basic rules of communication causing people to interact through the web. It engages everyone involved and makes the conversation multidimensional. Encouraging others who are interested to contribute and generating others to exchange ideas are a few other things thatRead MoreDiscuss Whether the Postal Rule Should Continue to Be Applied, and the Scope of Communications Methods(If Any) That Should Be Covered by the Rule2489 Words à |à 10 Pages| |ASSESSMENT : RESEARCH ESSAY | | | |Discuss whether the postal rule should continue to be applied, and the | |scope of communications methods(if any) that should be covered by the rule | | | |Alfred | |22 May, 2012 Read MoreBy Kirti Bansal ââ¬Å"DONââ¬â¢T MISTAKE LEGIBILITY FOR COMMUNICATIONâ⬠-DAVID CARSON Rules are made to be1300 Words à |à 6 Pages By Kirti Bansal ââ¬Å"DONââ¬â¢T MISTAKE LEGIBILITY FOR COMMUNICATIONâ⬠-DAVID CARSON Rules are made to be followed, correct? No. According to surfer-turned-designer David Carson rules are meant to be broken ââ¬â not followed. Carsonââ¬â¢s explorations in the alternative rock and roll magazine Ray Gun pushed boundaries so far it brought catastrophically pleasing results. The peak of David Carsonââ¬â¢s career commenced with his most recognized work in Beach Culture while art directing a surfing magazine. His creativeRead MoreThe Postal Acceptance Rule1373 Words à |à 5 PagesPostal Acceptance Rule (Mailbox Rule): The Postal Acceptance Rule or Mailbox Rule is a common law term for contracts that determines the formation of a contract in which the involved parties are communicating through the mail. The primary thrust or core of the mailbox rule is that the acceptance of an offer is sent before the revocation of the specific offer is received. In a scenario where the communication is sent rejecting the offer while a later communication is also sent in acceptance of theRead MoreInner Office Memo - Security Protocols1254 Words à |à 6 PagesCombs Re: Security Protocols in the Law Office Date: 12-19-2011 ______________________________________________________________________________ I have researched your questions with regard to ethical compliance according to the ABA Model Rules on what is permissible to include in the firm website. The following are my findings. Please let me know if you have any additional questions regarding this matter. 1. Does the website have to list the state where s/he is licensed to practiceRead MoreThe organization structure of NJIT931 Words à |à 4 Pagesexample, explain how its organizational structure influences how work is organized, how people and groups communicate, and how decisions are made? Before explaining how the organizational structure of NJIT influences the organization of work, communication and decisions, it is essential to understand how the NJIT is structured. Organization structure of NJIT The organization structure of NJIT is complex and highly centralized and hierarchical. It is governed by Board of Trustees and Office of the Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12639842073227131698noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5998911812623187842.post-74105072447932555962019-12-11T00:15:00.001-08:002019-12-11T00:15:03.713-08:00Year 2000 And Computers Essay Example For Students Year 2000 And Computers Essay The year 2000 represents more than just an end to the 1900s. For computersworldwide, it can mean major problem. When software for many of the businesscomputers in use today was in development, many programmers tried to save spaceby programming computers only to deal with years in the 20th century. Today,though, many computer users discover problems anytime they are dealing with adate that falls after the next turn-of-the-century. When calculations involvingthe year 2000 or after come up on the computer screen, many computers only read00 and not know the correct date. They malfunction or fail. The loomingprospect of disabled computer systems and paralyzed enterprises around the worldmakes the year 2000 one of the most critical and universal challenges to everface the IT industry, the magazine Managing Office Technology reported inDecember 1997 ( Marcoccio and Matthew, online). Talking of GartnerGroupresearch, it added, While the date change crisis has achieved maximumawareness, 30 per cent of all companies worldwide have not yet started on anyYear 2000 compliancy efforts, and 40 percent have not progressed to a pointwhere they will be certain not to encounter significant mission-criticalfailures by 2000. Having the most problems are health, care, education,government agencies and small and medium-sized companies (Marcoccio, online,1999)Large companies seem to be the farthest along, perhaps because they havethe greatest resources from which to pull money and help. The leading largecompany industry is insurance, with financial services trailing just slightly,and banking behind that. Yet many businesses have been hard at work trying toupdate their source code, sometimes by reprogramming and sometimes by replacingrather than reprogramming software. Sometimes they must replace with a vendorpackage, retire the application, or even get rid of the entire businessprospect. Managing Office Technology said that most enterprises expect to repairat least 40 percent of their a pplications (Marcoccio and Matthew, online, 1997). The effort is expected to cost nearly a trillion dollars, and some say therearent enough knowledgeable programmers to fill the demand for these fixes. Upgrading software has become a booming business, one that some say isntbooming enough to meet all the demand. While mainframes may have the biggestproblem, desktops arent immune, even if they have been manufactured fairlyrecently. PCs manufactured in the past two years have exhibited someBIOS-related year 2000 problems. These are low-level instructions for thekeyboard, monitor, and disk drives. Craig Luis, computer service manager atLinfield College in McMinnville, OR, said he just bought a logic board lastNovember and it wasnt year 2000 compliant. To cope with this problem some arebuying a millennium bug fix and detection tool as part of a Nuts BoltsDeluxe utility suite for PCs (Ung, online, 1998). No individual, company, orcountry is immune because many computer programs are inter-linked and becausethere arent enough engineers and programmers available to deal with it even ifthey knew where to look and what to do, according to the paper The Year2000 Computer Problem, put out by A ction 2000. Industries in the UnitedStates, Canada, and Australia lead the pack in dealing with the problem, whileWestern Europe, South Africa, Japan, and other countries follow. Parts of Asia,central Africa, central South America, Mexico, Thailand, and other countries arebehind even farther (Marcoccio, online, 1997). To cope with the situation,Europe has set up Action 2000 to coordinate public sector contingency planningso that public services such as telecommunications, health services, transportmanagement systems, social security, and emergency services do not suffer majordisruptions. The European Commission also is concerned because the need forprogrammers comes at a time when Europe is trying to change to one currency, andthe workload may be too much for the available manpower to handle. Not only isthere that problem, but the workload overseas has been hampered by extensivecomputerized preparations for the introduction of a single currency in 1992 (Bevins,online, 1998). Its not just mainframe computers that have the problem. Securityalarms, credit card machines, elevators, and hundreds of other appliances withcomputer chips could fail, says U.S. Rep. Stephen Horn (The Year 2000 online,1997). He says the U.S. government is only 20 percent ready. Although warningsare very clear, governments are slow to act. While the U.S. Senate has at leasttwo bills in committee, the U.S. House of Representatives passed H.R. 3116 inFebruary. The Examination Parity and Year 2000 Readiness for FinancialInstitutions Act requires federal financial regulatory agencies to offerseminars to financial institutions on the implications of the Year 2000 problemand tell them how to solve the common problems. It also extends authority to theOffice of Thrift Supervision and the National Credit Union Administration toexamine the operations of service corporations or other entities that performservices under contract for thrifts and credit unions (House, online, 1998)Computers Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12639842073227131698noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5998911812623187842.post-62840553285163765462019-12-03T11:56:00.001-08:002019-12-03T11:56:04.222-08:00Ninthusha Satkunalingam Essay Example Essay ExampleNinthusha Satkunalingam Essay Example Paper Ninthusha Satkunalingam Essay Introduction Dear Ms C Walsh,Iââ¬â¢m writing to inform you about the different sources of finance that are available to you. There are twelve different source of finance available these are: Share issuesWhen your company wants capital to finance business or to run your business activities it goes to the public and issue shares to produce amount from the public and people pay the amount in share capital of your company which mean your shares in share capital of your business this process is called share issue. The advantage of share issues is that your business object becomes more profitable and has a huge amount of money to buy assets and make improvement on your business.A business object becomes more profitable and has a huge amount of money to buy assets and advance their business. The disadvantage could be that your business becomes dependent on the public, if the public decides your business wasnââ¬â¢t worth the investment and take it away, the business will go into negative equality a nd eventually your business will be in debt. LeasingLeasing something is the same as renting it. You pay the leasing every month for the use of the equipment. The contract made with the lessor lasts a number of years estimated between 2 and 10 depending weather the cost on it. This shows that you can have full us of the equipment without having to pay the full cost of the item in straight on go. Over the time of the lease, the leasing company will maintain the price of the item plus their charger which means you only need to deposit a small amount at the start of the lease. At the end of the lease you have a decision to choose if you want to carry in leasing at a low rate or to sell the product to another person or to another company.An example to your business could be leasing vehicles, or office equipment. An advantage of leasing could be that leasing is inflation friendly. As the costs go up over five years you still pay the same rate as when you began the lease. Another advantag e could be there is less upfront cash outlay which means you do not need to make large cash payments for the purchase of needed equipment. A disadvantage could be that you have a responsibility to continue making payments. You have no fairness until you decide to purchase the equipment at the end of the lease term, at which point the equipment may have criticised suggestively.http://www.bizhelp24.com/money/business-finance/leasing-in-business-3.html FactoringFactoring is a quick and easy way of turning your invoices into cash. Factoring can be described as it is selling your invoices to a factoring company. You also get cash quickly, and also donââ¬â¢t have to collect the debt however you may lose some of the value of the invoice. The factoring company gets the debt and has to collect it. They make a profit by paying you less cash than they actually value of the invoice. The disadvantage could be your ability to borrow from other sources may be reduced. Another advantage could be that if you were to end an arrangement with a factor you will have to pay off any money they have advanced you on invoices if the customer has not paid them yet. This may require some business planning. An advantage could be that the cash is released as soon as orders are invoiced and is available for capital investment and funding of your next orders. Another advantage could be that factors may give you useful information about the credit standing of your customers and they can help you to negotiate better terms with your suppliers.http://www.businesslink.gov.uk/bdotg/action/detail?item1073791093;type=RESOURCES Overdraft facilitiesOverdraft facility is when you are allowed to be overdrawn up to a certain amount without being charged or having to pay direct debits etc. however you maybe charge a small amount of interest if you use the facility. An advantage could be that itââ¬â¢s a convenience as you donââ¬â¢t have to worry about penalty fees if you temporarily donââ¬â¢t h ave enough money in your account. A disadvantage could be that there will be a lot of interest to pay, and being down below zero will make it hard to pay off. If the overdraft is unauthorised, there may be huge fees to pay each day, or with each new small transaction, there may be an 2nd, 3rd, 4th etc. full penalty fee for each transaction.http://uk.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?q20110627063140AA7is40 Bank loanA bank loan provides medium or long term finance. A bank loan is the most common form of loan capital for a business. The bank sets the fixed period over which the loan is given, the rate of interest and the timing and amount of repayments. The banks will usually require that the business offers some security for the loan, although in the case of a start-up this security often comes in the form of personal guarantees provided by the entrepreneur. Bank loans are good for financing investment in fixed assets. They are generally charged at a low rate of interest that a bank ov erdraft. The interest rate can be either fixed or variable. The advantage of getting a bank load could be that you can borrow large amounts of money. The disadvantage is that some loans carry a prepayment penalty, preventing the borrower from paying the note off early without incurring extra cost. Another disadvantage could be that Borrowing too much money can lead to decreased cash flow and payments can even overtake income in some cases; this is why many loan payments are limited to a certain percentage of a borrowerââ¬â¢s income.http://www.ehow.com/facts_4761923_advantages-disadvantages-bank-loan.html#ixzz1pyMtD7tF Friends and familyFriends and family could help in your business for support such as giving you addition business funding. An advantage could be that asking family and friends can be quicker and cheaper to arrange and the interest of repayment terms may be more flexible than a bank loan. A disadvantage could be that conflicts could happen between them and relationsh ip can break. Hire purchaseHire purchase is about ownership. With a hire purchase agreement, after all the payments have been made, your business customer becomes the owner of the equipment. This ownership transfer either automatically or on payment of an option to purchase fee. For tax purposes, from the beginning of the agreement the business customer is treated as the owner of the equipment and so can claim capital allowances. Capital allowances can be a significant tax incentive for businesses to invest in new plant and machinery or to upgrade information systems. Under a hire purchase agreement, the business customer is normally responsible for maintenance of the equipment. An advantage of having hire purchase could be that you can have something you canââ¬â¢t afford. Another advantage could be that you can save your own business money. A disadvantage could be that if you miss the payments, you lose the item plus what you already paid. Another disadvantage could be that if y ou break the item, you still have to play for it as well as having a replace it. Reinvest profitReinvested profits are also known as retained profit or earnings. All the profits you earn in your business are put back into the business for its own use. For example expanding your business to gain more profits. An advantage could be that your business may have the flexibility to decide whether to use capital or borrowings to expand or improve. Another advantage could be that you could be building equity in your business and therefore increasing the value of the shares. A disadvantage could be that you may not have any other source of income outside of your business and may not be able to afford to reinvest a significant portion of their profits. Another disadvantage could be that your business only gets to retain earnings if it makes a profit. Retained earnings are profits after corporation tax and dividends are paid out. Sometimes it is better to run the company at breakeven and pay l ess tax. Own savingsOwn savings can be defined as money set aside for the purpose of future use. Saving is usually representing only one part of an individualââ¬â¢s assets. An advantage could be that if you wanted to expand your business you decided how much youââ¬â¢d like to invest into your business but it is at your own risk. It also gives your business a financial improvement. A disadvantage could be that youââ¬â¢ll need more working capital than you think. Government grantGovernment grant is where the government provides support to businesses both financially, in the form of grants, and through access to expert advice, information and services. Most government grants require you to match the funds you are being awarded. The grant covers a proportion of the money needed, while you supply the rest. You must also demonstrate that your business can provide its share of the total costs. An advantage of having government grant could be that they provide huge financial suppor t and rewards with just one offer. Another advantage is that who receives government grant find it easier to increase money from other government and private sources. A disadvantages could be that Government grants often come out with a set of rules for who are eligible to apply that can be so specific that it excludes many businesses. And they tend to demand certain activities must be included in any project to be funded which may increase businesses expenses. Commercial mortgageCommercial mortgage is the most popular type of mortgage used to buy buildings and land for business purposes. If you were going to have commercial mortgage rates and payment terms are negotiated in each loan by the borrower and the lender. Commercial mortgages have commitment fees and can be quite profitable for mortgage lenders, although there is some default risk. An advantage could they can give your business a large assets which is likely to increase in value. Another advantage could be that the loan r epayments involved can be similar to your current rental costs so you wonââ¬â¢t need to adjust your budgets which this depends on the mortgage. A disadvantage could be that when you sign a commercial mortgage contract you are committing to a period of 10 to 30 years. Also if you failed to make repayments on time you may have to pay additional interest.I would advise you in your expansion to use possibly a bank loan, own savings, reinvest profits source of finance. I think you could use a bank loan due to if you can demonstrate your business can generate enough profits to proper and then pay them back then thatââ¬â¢s a good option for you. Also the benefit could be that large amount cab be borrowed and also lower interest rates than overdrafts. Own savings could also be a good choice as I think you wouldnââ¬â¢t have to worry about financial problems as you already have them and you donââ¬â¢t have to worry about paying someone back. Reinvest is also a good option due to yo ur using your own profits to expand your business and make it bigger then more customers are likely to come then you can gain more profits. Thank youYou sincerelyNinthusha Satkunalingam Ninthusha Satkunalingam Essay Thank you for reading this Sample! Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12639842073227131698noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5998911812623187842.post-70172415914392504622019-11-27T14:38:00.001-08:002019-11-27T14:38:04.861-08:00Sears And Roebuck Company Essays - Sears Holdings, Hoffman Estates Sears And Roebuck Company Business Marketing Term Paper Sears and Roebuck Company For this paper I will be looking at an old established company, that has re-addressed its target market. To increase penetration in the market and expand in new markets, Sears has refocused its market concept. In the past Sears was where your grandparents shopped for quality product. As they sat back and enjoyed the comfort of their brand name and reaped the benefits, other companies sliced away at the market with new concepts in advertising until about five years ago when Sears woke up to a lagging profit margin. Sears began a recovery to regain market shares lost through complacency. To do this they gathered their staff and commenced to focus on new innovative techniques to cater to the needs of their consumers. First they looked at the production which was well established but could be streamlined. Some items could be eliminated or replaced by other brand name products to give the consumer a broader choice of items. For example they sold the Advantis computer branch to IBM when the projected competition would limit revenues in this area. They also negotiated lucrative contracts with brand name companies for the exclusive retailing rights for their product, an example of this is the Nordic Track home fitness equipment in January of this year. They targeted school age children with the new styles, which they refer to as the ?Relaxed Uniformity? which increased sales in July of 1998. This helped bring in the younger and health conscious consumers who did not feel that the Sears brand name was right for them. This stream lining effort would include shutting down some of the lagging catalog sales offices. This allowed them to establish more competitive prices in the market and better returns for their shareholders. This led to an increase in domestic revenues by 4.2 percent in 1998. The next areas they looked at were the location of their stores and the placement of the products in their stores. Some of the older stores which did not have a profit margin that warranted the expense of their upkeep where eliminated to cut overhead expenses. In addition, using trend analysis focusing on consumer habits, they took a hard look at the layout of the stores to see if they could improve sales through a better display or more efficient floor plans. Sears decided to set up displays, which bring the consumer walking by into the store and the product that has the return buyer's interest in the back of store. With this in mind they revamped the floor plans and placed the items they knew the patron would search out to the back of the stores which forced the customer to pass by other product they did not realize was stocked by Sears. The placement of other products, which had lagged in the past, in high traffic areas, increased the sales of those items. Last but not least, once Sears had the company market strategy drawn out; they needed to inform the public of the changes they had made and figure out how they could meet the consumers needs. Sears re-launched its successful Softer Side of Sears advertising campaign that helped the company's turnaround by highlighting its renewed focus on women's apparel. The new version of the Softer Side campaign, which included print and broadcast ads, invited customers to Take Another Look at the fashions available at Sears. The Softer Side of Sears? campaign achieves the key marketing objectives. It changes customers' perception of Sears, drives traffic into the stores, and demonstrates Sears' commitment to offering customers stylish and relevant women's apparel, said Arthur C. Martinez, chairman and chief executive officer of Sears. Now the challenge is to build greater loyalty with our customer and reinforce Sears position as a destination place for apparel that fits her lifestyle. Reinforcing Sears' commitment to serving its primary customer, a woman age 25 to 54 with a moderate household income, family and home. This campaign builds upon and personalizes Sears' invitation to Come See the Softer Side of Sears by illustrating that Sears has more than fashionable apparel; it has the right apparel for her. The original Softer Side campaign, Developed by Young & Rubicam Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12639842073227131698noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5998911812623187842.post-75148486819415856022019-11-23T22:12:00.001-08:002019-11-23T22:12:04.113-08:00Scientific Definition of a LaserScientific Definition of a Laser A laser is a device which is built on the principles of quantum mechanics to create a beam of light where all of the photons are in a coherent state - usually with the same frequency and phase. (Most light sources emit incoherent light, where the phase varies randomly.) Among the other effects, this means that the light from a laser is often tightly focused and does not diverge much, resulting in the traditional laser beam. How a Laser Works In simplest terms, a laser uses light to stimulate the electrons in a gain medium into an excited state (called optical pumping). When the electrons collapse into the lower-energy unexcited state, they emit photons. These photons pass between two mirrors, so there are more and more photons exciting the gain medium, amplifying the intensity of the beam. A narrow hole in one of the mirrors allows a small amount of the light to escape (i.e. the laser beam itself). Who Developed the Laser This process is based on work by Albert Einstein in 1917 and many others. Physicists Charles H. Townes, Nicolay Basov, and Aleksandr Prokhorov received the 1964 Nobel Prize in Physics for their development of the earliest laser prototypes. Alfred Kastler received the 1966 Nobel Prize in Physics for his 1950 description of optical pumping. On May 16, 1960, Theodore Maiman demonstrated the first working laser. Other Types of Laser The light of a laser does not need to be in the visible spectrum but can be any sort of electromagnetic radiation. A maser, for example, is a type of laser that emits microwave radiation instead of visible light. (The maser was actually developed before the more general laser. For a while, the visible laser was actually called an optical maser, but that usage has fallen well out of common usage.) Similar methods have been used to create devices, such as an atomic laser, which emit other types of particles in coherent states. To Lase? There is also a verb form of laser, to lase, which means to produce laser light or to apply laser light to. Also Known As: Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation, maser, optical maser Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12639842073227131698noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5998911812623187842.post-65989608338061392982019-11-21T05:57:00.001-08:002019-11-21T05:57:10.402-08:00Delivering Education To The Poor Via The Mobile Phone EssayDelivering Education To The Poor Via The Mobile Phone - Essay Example Current paper focuses on the potential use of mobile phones for educational purposes among poor people. In order to cover all aspects of the issue under examination the research developed for this study has been based on both theory and empirical findings. In this context, this paper has been structured as follows: a) in the Introductory section the theme of the study is briefly presented, b) in the literature review section, the existing theories in regard to learning are presented; the theories and views presented in this section help to understand whether online education could fully cover the educational needs of poor people; c) the next part of the study is the Research question and method where the terms under which empirical studies have been involved in this paper are presented; d) the findings of the empirical studies are presented in another section, the Analysis and Results section; e) in the Discussion and Implications section the practical implications of the use of mobi le phones in education and the potential benefits of such educational approach for poor people are made clear; f) the conclusions developed from the findings of the literature and the empirical research are presented in the Conclusion section of the paper where recommendations are also made for increasing the effectiveness of mobile phones when used for covering the educational needs of poor people. ... ented in the Conclusion section of the paper where recommendations are also made for increasing the effectiveness of mobile phones when used for covering the educational needs of poor people. 2. Literature Review Online learning has been proved as an effective scheme to respond to certain educational needs that cannot be covered otherwise. At the same time, online learning can be used as a complementary educational tool for saving time and cost in the delivery of curriculum (Bach, Haynes and Smith 2007). However, in practice, online learning have resulted to key major problems: a) the lack of safety in regard to the work of each student and b) the creation of inequalities according to the technology used for accessing online learning programs (Bach, Haynes and Smith 2007). Indeed, it seems that there is mechanism for guaranteeing the protection of the work of each student in the context of an online learning program even if the development of technology related to online learning has been impressive (Bach, Haynes and Smith 2007). Moreover, online learning has led to the increase of the gap between rich and poor students: the former are able to use advanced technology for participating in online learning programs, a fact that promotes inequality in education (Illeris 2008). Under these terms, it would be necessary to review how the use of mobile phones as a tool for supporting the educational needs of poor people would be feasible and which measures should be taken for securing the quality of education provided through this mechanism. The performance of individuals in team-working and in handling advanced technology has been often considered as a significant advantage, even higher from these personsââ¬â¢ educational background (Remenvi 2008). In particular, the ability of Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12639842073227131698noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5998911812623187842.post-28967110345767733202019-11-20T05:12:00.001-08:002019-11-20T05:12:02.514-08:00Corporate Social Responsibility and the US Economy Research PaperCorporate Social Responsibility and the US Economy - Research Paper Example The moral minimum anticipates being part of the customary business practice and the forces restraints on the high-powered managers of companies (Cornelissen, 2004). The biggest environmental challenge that is facing most industries is development of an account on the environmental responsibilities widely but within the moral minimum to motivate most business compliances. Therefore, this becomes the accepted way of increasing profits in an accepted manner. In US, most companies assimilate corporate social responsibilities as their marketing strategies. In this regard, consumers may decide to purchase the products with reasons that they are supporting the social causes. Due to this, there is heightened financial performance aimed at the corporation through huge consumer profits. In addition, numerous companies have tried to establish social responsible corporate images. Through such techniques, consumers are involved either directly or indirectly in supporting the causes. Furthermore, there exists a superior model for sustaining development, which posits that businesses have the moral responsibilities to ensure that the activities are ecologically sustainable. Through this theory, the moral minimum should include ecologically sustainable perspectives. This seeks to reunite the natural ecological laws and the moral limits placed on the business activities (Adams, 2002). Businesses recycle the resources in appropriate rates and later compensate the ecosystem due to the losses that the productive capacity posses on its activity. Therefore, this knowledge on social environment perspectives is vital in the management of corporations. Case studies The Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company... According to the research findings corporations like the Home Depot and the Minnesota Company has the responsibilities and duties to remain more significant in terms of environmental and social responsibilities in enhancing the financial performance. The company makes huge profits in participating and promoting the conservation of the environment. If all the resources involved in production are used and destroyed then the future success of the company is not feasible. Thus, the two companies promote environment and social responsibilities. They are partaking to better the natural environment through recycling some of the products and conserving the natural environment. These two companies have been prospects in preserving the environment basing on the social perspectives to act as recommendation for all our companies. Therefore, the companies should focus on the ways and methods of improving the manufacturing process to reduce all forms of pollution. Companies should also play activ e roles in the society and further sponsoring the communal projects to better the community. Through this, the companies will thrive both financially and advocate for our social well being in the society. The use of available natural resources in the U.S economy has been set in accordance to the satisfaction of the current living standards. Nevertheless, the environmental impacts on the global business have caused increased surveillance of United State corporations. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12639842073227131698noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5998911812623187842.post-67085504811995288052019-11-17T17:42:00.001-08:002019-11-17T17:42:03.207-08:00Studentsââ¬â¢ fitness and their academic achievement Essay Example for Free Studentsââ¬â¢ fitness and their academic achievement Essay Running Head: Discussion Investigations into the relationship between academic achievement and physical fitness have produced mixed results. Weber (1983) correlated fitness, using the Iowa Physical Proficiency Profile (including sit-ups, pull-ups, running), to entrance exam scores and grade point averages for 246 male college students. Fitness level had a significant positive relationship with grade point average (r = . 41), but did not relate to performance scores on entrance exams. Hart and Shay (1994) examined mathematics and verbal SAT scores and the Physical Fitness Index in 60 college women. When the relationships between verbal scores and mathematics scores and fitness index were examined, the r values were . 068 and . 146, respectively, although neither was significant at the . 05 level. A battery of fitness tests (e. g. , flexed arm hang, curl-ups, and step test) were administered to 827 female freshmen and subjects were placed in one of three categories of fitness: high, fair or poor (Arnett, 1988). Arnett (1988) found significant differences in grade point average between the groups, with participants with higher fitness levels having higher GPAs. Using various academic measures and fitness measures on school-aged children, studies have also resulted in inconsistent findings. Clarke and Jarman (1991), examining 217 boys (aged 9, 12 and 15), found that there was a consistent, and for some fitness measures, a significant tendency for the students in the high fitness group to have higher means on both standard achievement tests and grade point average. Current studies have used standardized achievement and fitness tests as measures. A study involving 1,767 students in second, fourth and sixth grades examined the relationship between performance on the Georgia Criterion Referenced Test for Reading, Mathematics and Career Education and performance on a variety of physical fitness tests from the Minnesota Performance Test, the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance (AAHPERD) Health Related Physical Fitness Tests, and the Texas Physical Fitness-Motor Ability Test (Harris Jones, 1982). For the boys and girls, multiple regression analysis demonstrated a low, but significant, relationship between reading and mathematics ability and the combination of eight motor performance measures examined, five of which were fitness measures. Winn (1993) studied 302 fourth and fifth grade children and examined the relationship between scores on the California Test of Basic Skills (reading, mathematics) and performance on the AAHPERD Presidents Challenge. Using national norms, total fitness and total academic achievement scores were determined. The overall correlation between the total scores was . 213. When each test item was correlated with scores in each of reading, mathematics and language, the correlations ranged from . 043 to . 462, although none of the correlations were significant at the . 05 level. An examination of 7,961 youngsters from 7 to 15 years of age in Australia was conducted by Dwyer, Sallis, Blizzard, Lazarus and Dean (2001). School ratings of scholastic ability were compared with performance on a variety of fitness measures including sit-ups, push-ups, and a 1.6 kilometer run. Across the age groups, there were significant, but weak, correlations (ranging from. 1 to . 27) between fitness (cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular force and power) and academic performance. Most recently, the California Department of Education (2002; 2005) reported the results of two studies that examined the relationship between scores on achievement tests and the Fitnessgram. In the first study, performance on the Stanford Achievement Tests and scores on the Fitnessgram for 884,715 students in grades 5, 7, and 9 were investigated. A composite score, ranging from zero to six, was created for physical fitness, in which a student obtained one point for each of the six test items for which the student was determined to be in the healthy zone. In each of the three grades, higher levels of fitness were related to higher academic achievement. The relationship was stronger for math achievement and fitness, especially at higher fitness levels. This study has yet to be published. As a result, no statistical measures are available. Nevertheless, the results were cited by professional sources, such as the National Association for Sport and Physical Education (no date) and the PE Central web site (no date) as evidence that there is a direct relationship between physical fitness levels and academic achievement. In the latter study (California Department of Education, 2005), performance on the California Standards Tests and the Fitnessgram for 1,036,386 students in grades 5, 7 and 9 were compared. Again in this study, students were awarded a composite score, representing the number of fitness test battery items in which they were in the healthy zone. Results were similar to the 2002 study, with higher fitness scores associated with higher scores in English-language arts and mathematics (p . 05). In this study (California Department of Education, 2005), however, only means were reported; thus, no standard deviations were given for the groups compared, nor were effect size measures made to quantify the practical significance of the differences observed between groups. Conclusion In summary, research examining the relationship between academic achievement and physical fitness has produced mixed results. Of these, one study has been published only as a press release in which no statistical analysis was reported and a second study had incomplete statistical information to effectively interpret the results (California Department of Education, 2002; 2005). In the remaining investigations the interpretation of the results focused on whether a statistically significant finding was observed. A number of statistical researchers, however, have emphasized that the correct interpretation of research results requires that not only the statistical significance of the data be considered, but also the practical significance of the findings (Sterne Smith, 2001; Thomas, Salazar Landers, 1991; Vincent, 1999). This is particularly important in studies such as the present one, and the ones discussed above, which typically involve very large sample sizes of hundreds to hundreds of thousands of subjects. Due to the effect of sample size on the calculation of statistical significance, with large sample sizes it is possible to calculate statistical significance on a result that has no practical significance (Vincent, 1999). As evidenced by the history of investigations, the importance of understanding the relationship between physical fitness and academic performance in children and youth is relevant, and increased by recent evidence from studies conducted on animals and elderly humans that increased physical activity results in improved cognitive function (Colcombe et al., 2004; 2004; Rhodes et al. , 2003). References Almond, L. , McGeorge, S. (1998). Physical activity and academic performance. British Journal of Physical Education, 29(2), 8-12. Arnett, C. (1988). Interrelationships between selected physical variables and academic achievement of college women. Research Quarterly, 39, 227-230. Clarke, H. , Jarman, B. O. (1991). Scholastic achievement of boys 9, 12, and 15 years of age as related to various strength and growth measures. Research Quarterly, 32, 155-162. Colcombe, S. J. , Kramer, A. F. , Erickson, K. I. , Scalf, P., McAuley, E. , Cohen, N. J. , et al. (2004). Cardiovascular fitness, cortical plasticity, and aging. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 101, 3316-3321 Creswell, J. W. (2002). Educational research. Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. Upper Saddle River, N J: Merrill Prentice Hall Dustman, R. E. , Emmerson, R. , Shearer, D. (1994). Physical activity, age and cognitive function. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 2, 143-181. Dwyer, T. , Sallis, J. F. , Blizzard, L. , Lazarus, R. , Dean, K. (2001). Relation of academic performance to physical activity and fitness in children. Pediatric Exercise Science, 13,225-237. Fraenkel, J. R. , Wallen, N. E. (2003). How to design and evaluate research in education (5th ed. ). Boston: McGraw Hill. Harris, D. I. , Jones, M. A. (1982). Reading, math and motor performance. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, 53(9), 21-22. Hart, M. E. , Shay, C. T. (1994). Relationship between physical fitness and academic success. Research Quarterly, 35, 443-445 Hopkins, W. G. (2001). New view of statistics: Effect magnitudes. Retrieved July 10, 2004 McAuley, E. , Kramer, A. F. , Colcombe, S. J. (2004). Cardiovascular fitness and neurocognitive function in older adults: A brief review. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 18, 214-220 National Association for Sport and Physical Education. (2002). 2001 Shape of the nation report. Reston, VA: Author. Nutrition and physical activity. Overweight and obesity.. Retrieved July 15, 2004 Ogden, C. L. , Flegal, K. M. , Carroll, M. D. , Johnson, C. L. (2002). Prevalence and trends in overweight among U. S. children and adolescents, 1999-2000. Journal of the American Medical Association, 288, 17281732. Presidents Council on Physical Fitness and Sports. (1992). Normative data from the 1985 school population fitness survey for use with the presidents challenge youth physical fitness program. Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office. Plato, The republic,Book III, 412A-B. Translated by Conford, 1945, pp. 101-102 Rhodes, J. S. , van Praag, H. , Jeffrey, S. , Girard, I. , Mitchell, G. S. , Garland, T. Jr. , et al. (2003). Exercise increases hippocampal neurogenesis to high levels but does not improve spatial learning in mice bred for increased voluntary wheel running. Behavioral Neuroscience, 117, 10061016. Sterne, J. A. C. , Smith, G. D. (2001). Sifting the evidence whats wrong with significance tests? British Medical Journal, 322, 226-231. Symons, C. W. , Cinelli, B. , James, T. C. , Groff, P. (1997). Bridging student health risks and academic achievement through comprehensive school health programs. Journal of School Health, 76, 220-227. Thomas, J. R. , Salazar, W. , Landers, D. M. (1991). What is missing in p is less than .05? Effect size. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 62(3), 344-348. Vannier, M. , Poindexter, H. B. (1964). Physical activities for college women. Philadephia: W. B. Saunders. Vincent, W. J. (1999). Statistics in kinesiology. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Weber, J. R. (1983). Relationship of physical fitness to success in college and to . rsonality. Research Quarterly, 24, 471-474. Winn, K. L. (1993). A study of the relationship between physical fitness levels and the academic achievement of fourth and fifth grade students. Unpublished masters thesis, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12639842073227131698noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5998911812623187842.post-49146674954988293922019-11-15T06:13:00.001-08:002019-11-15T06:13:16.374-08:00Developing the Literate ChildDeveloping the Literate Child Introduction ââ¬ËEarly-years educators relate what is being taught to what childrenà already know. In order to extend each childââ¬â¢s learning they supportà and guide children through each new stage of learning. They knowà that the abilities and attitudes that young children develop in theà early years are an important part of a life-long journey during whichà children will need to acquire all the language skills necessary toà interpret, manipulate, control and organize language for their ownà present and future purposes.ââ¬â¢ (Browne 1996, vii) The above quote neatly summarises the need to ensure that young childrenââ¬â¢s language development is fostered in the best possible way by educators. What children learn now can have a life-long impact upon how they interact with the world in future. It is the childââ¬â¢s teacher, who has the capacity to greatly influence how a child acquires and uses language, to assess what the child already knows, and to use this knowledge to foster and guide the child through, ââ¬Ëeach new stage of learning,ââ¬â¢ (Browne 1996, vii). It was with this clear intention in mind, with which the following study was undertaken. The aim, to assess one childââ¬â¢s current speaking and listening, reading and writing skills, to analyse any observations carefully, and to use the information gathered as a basis for planning the childââ¬â¢s future learning needs. The child chosen, a female, was aged 5 years and 9 months at the time of the study and does not have any recognised special educati onal needs. She will, henceforth, be referred to as, ââ¬ËChild A,ââ¬â¢ for the remainder of the report. Reading Analysis Listening to Child A read on a one-to-one basis was extremely informative. She is starting to use some expression in her voice, and is attempting to make the text sound more like natural language, however, she has little sense of phrase boundaries, and consequently, can often sound stilted. She regularly has to decode words on a word-by-word basis, but is not always successful in her attempts, meaning that the language does not flow. There were frequent extended pauses during the reading of each sentence. On a number of occasions Child A was unable to decode a word but had a limited number of alternative strategies available to her, in order to help her to continue reading. The miscue analyses showed that Child Aââ¬â¢s average negative miscue rate was 8.06% for the books chosen from her particular reading ââ¬Ëstageââ¬â¢. It is recommended that when matching a book to a reader the negative miscue rate should lie somewhere between 3% and 8%, with a miscue rate of 10% representing frustration level, (Moon et al. 1994, 116).This evidence may suggest that the text was too difficult for Child A, resulting in a negative effect on her confidence and interest. Graham and Kelly propound that, ââ¬ËSurprising insights into childrenââ¬â¢s reading can emerge in the one-to-one conversations which you have with them,ââ¬â¢ (Graham and Kelly 1997, 115). I talked at length with Child A and we discussed her reading habits and attitudes towards books. It quickly became obvious that Child A loves books in many forms. She confided that she often imagines that she is the princess in the stories which are read to her. Child A likes to look at the pictures in books and tell her own stories from these, but feels unable to read the words alone. It became clear that Child A has access to many books at home, and Mum and Dad evidently read a lot. She delighted in recounting her first experience of visiting a library, which occurred recently, and she was given ample time to choose a book to take home. Child A proudly confided that she knew the book by heart as she had read it that often. It was evident that Child A, not only enjoys reading, but also see s herself as a good reader. Observation of Child A during several guided reading sessions with her class teacher, presented a different picture. Child A frequently became easily distracted, and failed to focus on the text which was in front of her. She appeared to be restless and anxious to move off onto different activities. Child A was confident when attempting to read a word she thought she knew, however, when she came across an unfamiliar word she would not attempt to read it. With prompting she would begin to ââ¬Ësoundââ¬â¢ a word out, but often gave up before completing the word. Again, Child A seems over reliant on picture cues and was attempting to tell the story from the pictures. She remained unfocused throughout each guided reading session and while other children were turning the pages of their books, Child A sat with her book shut. She was unable to participate in the group discussion concerning the book and was unable to relate the main points of the story to the teacher when asked. Child A was also observed during shared whole-class reading sessions. While she did not openly volunteer answers to the questions asked, she did respond once the class teacher asked her a direct question. In consideration of the above evidence, and in conjunction with the level descriptors provided by the National Curriculum (www.nc.uk.net), it is possible to suggest that Child A is working at Level One in terms of her reading: ââ¬ËPupils recognise familiar words in simple texts. They use theirà knowledge of letters and sound-symbol relationships in order toà read words and to establish meaning when reading aloud. In theseà activities they sometimes require support. They express theirà response to poems, stories and non-fiction by identifying aspectsà they like.ââ¬â¢ (www.nc.uk.net) However, it is clear that Child A meets only part of this level descriptor, as she is not yet using her phonic knowledge to read words, and to use the words to comprehend the story. Implications for Teaching and Learning: Reading It is clear from the evidence given above that Child A is not a confident of fluent reader. She is working in the early stages of National Curriculum level 1, and will need specific support if she is to begin to work in the later stages of the level, and indeed to start to work towards National Curriculum level 2. The problems with Child Aââ¬â¢s use of expression and lack of awareness of phrase boundaries, could perhaps be addressed by adults modelling the reading process. Graham and Kelly suggest that this is a viable way of first introducing a book to a child, before they are given the opportunity to read the book for themselves, (Graham and Kelly 1997, 105). This could give Child A the confidence she needs and will expose her to the way books should be read, using lots of expression. It will also aid her awareness of phrase boundaries, particularly if the adult traces the text with their finger as they read and makes exaggerated pauses when full stops or commas are encountered. Child Aââ¬â¢s reluctance to join in group and class discussion about books could be a result of a lack of confidence in her own abilities, or perhaps she is unsure of how to respond correctly and does not want to ââ¬Ërisk,ââ¬â¢ getting it wrong. Again, one-one-one reading sessions could be an ideal way to address this problem. Graham and Kelly (1997) suggest that there should be a specific pattern to one-on-one reading sessions with young children, this pattern consists of five separate steps. ââ¬ËWarming up the text,ââ¬â¢ allows children to look at the book chosen with an adult, handling it and making links with their own experiences, making them feel more comfortable before they begin reading (Graham and Kelly 1997, 105). ââ¬ËReviewing the book,ââ¬â¢ is also an important part of the confidence building process, and would allow Child A to give her opinion on the book without fear of failure, (Graham and Kelly 1997, 106). These strategies will hopefully help to b uild Child Aââ¬â¢s self confidence and she should then eventually be able to give her opinions in shared and guided reading sessions. The miscue analyses also indicated that the books from Child Aââ¬â¢s ââ¬Ëshelf,ââ¬â¢ were perhaps too difficult for her, resulting in boredom and frustration, this could also have been the case during the guided reading sessions. Child A should be given books from a ââ¬Ëlower shelf,ââ¬â¢ to read in order to build up her self confidence. In addition to this, being placed with children of a similar, or slightly lower, ability for guided reading sessions could also have a positive impact. Speaking and Listening Analysis During whole-class, teacher-led activities Child A did not speak unless she was asked a direct question by the class teacher. On such occasions, Child A would sometimes respond accurately, at other times she would not respond at all. When the children were asked to respond to questions by raising their hands, Child A would not put up her hand. During such teaching sessions, Child A was often observed to be very restless, although she was keen to sit right at the front. The children were regularly asked to work with ââ¬Ëtalking partners,ââ¬â¢ during the direct teaching, it was observed that Child A never responded to her partner in such situations, simply refusing to speak. During independent activities, Child A was observed to ignore other children on her table. Often her peers attempted to draw her into their activity or conversation, however, she did not respond to them in anyway, and indeed seemed to ignore them. Child A was also observed during ââ¬Ëfree-play,ââ¬â¢ situations. Generally Child A would remain on her self-chosen task and did not initiate conversation with her peers. The exception to this being conflict situations, where Child A was extremely vocal in expressing her unhappiness to another child. When surrounded by other children, Child A still did not join in with their chatter. During free-play Child A would occasionally respond to a direct question from an adult observer, but at other times would attempt to ignore them. Occasionally Child A would address a direct comment to an adult observer, in relation to her self-generated task, but did not then become engaged in conversation. Play-times seemed to present a different view of Child A, in terms of her speaking and listening ability. She was observed on several occasions playing, with another girl from her class, a variety of different clapping and singing games. The two girls demonstrated different games to each other, and were evidently listening and responding to each other. ââ¬ËPupils talk about matters of immediate interest. They listen to othersà and usually respond appropriately. They convey simple meanings toà a range of listeners, speaking audibly, and begin to extend their ideasà or accounts by providing some detail.ââ¬â¢ (www.nc.uk.net) This level descriptor indicates that, although Child A only meets part of the criteria for National Curriculum level 1, she is working at the lower end of this level. The observations made in the playground show that Child A is able, when the opportunity presents itself, to, ââ¬Ëtalk about matters of immediate interest,ââ¬â¢ (www.nc.uk.net). Implications for Teaching and Learning: Speaking and Listening The evidence collected suggests that although Child A is confident when speaking to her peers at playtimes, she is not comfortable during class or group situations on and often prefers to remain silent. It is important to develop her ability to, ââ¬Ëlisten to others,ââ¬â¢ and to, ââ¬Ërespond appropriately,ââ¬â¢ if Child A is to work towards National Curriculum level 2 for speaking and listening (www.nc.uk.net ). One of the key learning objectives for speaking and listening for children in Year One is, ââ¬Ëto ask and answer questions, make relevant contributions, offer suggestions and take turns,ââ¬â¢ (DFES 2003a, 24). The document Speaking, Listening, Learning: working with children in Key Stages 1 and 2 (DFES 2003a), offers some good suggestions for teaching towards this learning objective, and recommends a great deal of paired work, and teacher modelling of how to ask and answer questions. If Child A was able to observe adults modelling paired work, or some of her peers engaged in discussion work, she may start to feel sufficiently confident enough to join in herself. An additional strategy to help Child A during paired work, might be to try her with a variety of different partners to see if she responds better to a certain child. ââ¬ËAll areas of the curriculum offer distinct opportunities for developing childrenââ¬â¢s speaking and listening,ââ¬â¢ (DFES 2003b, 11) and consequently it may be possible to engage Child B more fully in speaking and listening activities when linked to a subject she enjoys. The use of paired discussion, could be better suited to a science lesson, for example, rather than confining such discussions to English lessons. Writing Analysis Several conversations with Child A led to the conclusion that she does perceive herself as a good writer. She enjoys writing for a purpose, she explained that she regularly writes lists and stories at home, giving them to her parents to read. It is clear from examining the writing samples, that while Child A is confidently identifying the initial and final phonemes in words, and writing these down, she appears to be having more difficulty with medial phonemes, as many of these are missing from the words she has written down. For example in Appendix III, the writing clearly shows that Child A has attempted to write the word, ââ¬Ëwonderful,ââ¬â¢ however she has clearly identified the sounds at the beginning and ends of the word, but the middle sounds have not been clearly audible to her, resulting in the word, ââ¬Ëwunful.ââ¬â¢ The three samples of Child Aââ¬â¢s writing which were examined (see Appendices I, II and III), indicate that she is making phonetically plausible attempts at words as the writing can be clearly read without the aid of the child in most places. Child A does show an awareness of how to use full stops, although these are not consistently in the correct places. She does not yet seem aware that it is necessary to leave a clear space in between her words, and only does so in a couple of places. The evidence listed above, in conjunction with the writing samples contained within Appendices I, II, and III, indicate that Child A is working at National Curriculum level 1: ââ¬ËPupilsââ¬â¢ writing communicates meaning through simple words andà phrases. In their reading or their writing, pupils begin to showà awareness of how full stops are used. Letters are usually clearlyà shaped and correctly oriented. (www.nc.uk.net ) It is clear from the above level descriptor, that although Child A is working at National Curriculum level 1, she does not meet all of the listed criteria and, therefore, should not be assessed for level 2. Implications for Teaching and Learning: Writing The evidence given supports the suggestion that Child A is progressing through National Curriculum level 1 and into level 2. There are several things that could be done to support this transition. It could be said that her main development point is to improve her spelling and to start to recognise medial sounds in words. Child A also needs to start leaving finger spaces in between words and to start using full stops correctly. The publication, Progression in Phonics: materials for whole class teaching, (DFES 1999) provides lots of suggestions for improving Child Aââ¬â¢s ability to hear medial sounds. For example, the game, ââ¬ËCroaker,ââ¬â¢ develops the childrenââ¬â¢s ability to hear and identify phonemes in a specified part of the word, using a puppet, (DFES 1999, 26). Such a game could improve Child Aââ¬â¢s ability to hear and identify medial phonemes with the aim of improving her spelling. Reid suggests that shared and modelled writing are effective ways of supporting young childrenââ¬â¢s writing development, (Reid in Bentley and Burman et al. 1999, 103-104). This could be a good way of improving Child Aââ¬â¢s use of finger spaces and full stops. If the teacher models the correct use of full stops and finger spaces, and also makes lots of deliberate mistakes which the children can help to correct, Child A will begin to understand how to use full stops and finger spaces effectively in her own writing. Conclusion In conclusion, the evidence presented above indicates that Child A is working at National Curriculum level 1 for her reading, writing and speaking and listening skills. It has already been suggested that effective teachers use what children already know as a basis for developing their language skills and facilitating their progression. The evidence collected has been carefully analysed with this aim in mind, and areas for the development of Child Aââ¬â¢s literacy skills have been identified. Adult modelling of the reading and writing process should play a key part in this development, if Child A is to make good progress towards National Curriculum level 2. Peer modelling could also play an important role, and could also help to foster Child Aââ¬â¢s self confidence. It is important that all these suggestions are linked to other areas of the curriculum in order to engage and interest Child A, although this should also be of paramount importance when teaching all children. If all these suggestions are put into action, Child A should start to make sound progress and will, in addition, be playing an important part in this progression herself. Bibliography Browne, Ann (1996) Developing Language and Literacy 3-8. London: Paul Chapman Publishing Limited. DFES (1999) Progression In Phonics: Materials for Whole-Class Teaching (The National Literacy Strategy) London: Department for Education and Employment DFES (2003a) Speaking, Listening, Learning: working with children in Key Stages 1 and 2: Teaching objectives and classroom activities. London: Department for Education and Employment DFES (2003b) Speaking, Listening, Learning: working with children in Key Stages 1 and 2: Handbook. London: Department for Education and Employment Graham, Judith and Kelly, Alison (1997) Reading Under Control: Teaching Reading in the Primary School. London: David Fulton Publishers Ltd. Moon, Cliff and Bourne, Jill (1994) The Open University Resource Pack: Learning to Teach Reading. Milton Keynes: The Open University. Reid, Dee Writing at Key Stage 1 in Bentley, Diana, Burman, Christine, Chamberlin, Rosemary et al. The Really Practical Guide to Primary English ( 1999) London: Stanley Thorne Publishers Ltd. www.nc.uk.net Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12639842073227131698noreply@blogger.com0